Describes semantic approaches to formulae judged as neither true nor false (for reason of being meaningless, containing nondenoting singular terms, etc.) that treats them as undefined with respect to partial functions rather than subsuming them under a novel truth value. The difference between a partial logic approach to a formula evaluated as a truth value gap and a three-valued approach is that the valuations of partial logic are literally undefined in the case of , while the valuations in a three-valued approach are total functions to a set of three truth values.