Kao, Charles

While engineers at Standard Telecommunications Laboratories, an ITT subsidiary, Charles

Kao and George Hockham achieved the first conceptual breakthrough in the development of fiber optic transmission systems (FOTS). In 1966, Kao and Hockham determined that optical fibers of fused silica could satisfy signal attenuation requirements by overcoming issues of absorption, diffusion, and bending loss. At the time, attenuation of 20 dB per kilometer was considered satisfactory for a commercially viable system.

Contemporary FOTS are designed around attenuation levels in the range of 1.5–3.0 db per kilometer, or so, depending on the specific type of fiber and the wavelength employed. See also FOTS and optical fiber.

• 1. Domain Name System. The naming convention that divides the Internet into logical domains identified in Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) as a 32-bit portion of the total address.The standard convention is user@organization.domain, where user is the name of the end user, organization is the name of the enterprise or other organization owning or sponsoring the address, and domain is the type of entity owning or sponsoring the address.The administration of the DNS is the responsibility of Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). See also domain, ICANN, Internet, and IPv4. 2.
• 1. In storage, irrelevant material, usually zero (0) bits, added to a data block in order to fill it to a minimum size, to force certain fields of control data or user data into certain positions or sizes, or to prevent the user data from duplicating a bit pattern that has a specific control meaning. See also block. 2.
• 1 cps, 1 Hz
• 1+ Dialing
• 1G (1st Generation)
• 1G (1st Generation)
• 1-persistent carrier sense multiple access (1-Persistent CSMA)
• 1-Persistent CSMA (1-Persistent Carrier Sense Multiple Access)
• 1+ WATS
• 1xEV-DO (one carrier EVolution-Data Optimized)
• 1xRTT (one times Radio Transmission Technology)
• 2
• 20
• 2:1
• 2:1
• 2:1
• 218–219 MHz Service
• 22
• 23B+D
• 23B+D
• 24
• 256-QAM
• 2.5 Gbps
• 2.5 Gbps
• 2.5 Gbps