frame relay

The ITU-T I.122 Recommendation (1988), Framework for Providing Additional Packet

Mode Bearer Services established the basic framework for a packet communications mode over an integrated services digital network (ISDN). The access protocol specified in ITU-T Q.922 (1992) is Link Access Procedure for Frame Mode Services (LAPF), which is an adaptation of the Link Access Procedure Data channel (LAPD) signaling protocol developed for ISDN. Frame relay was originally intended as an ISDN framing convention for a bearer service, i.e., information-bearing service, anticipated for the ISDN

D channel.The D channel is intended primarily for signaling and control purposes, in support of Signaling System 7 (SS7).The D channel runs at 16 kbps for ISDN basic rate interface (BRI) and at 64 kbps for primary rate interface (PRI). Certainly during the early stages of frame relay development, 16 kbps was not a particularly limiting signaling rate, particularly in the context of X.25 packet switching, which often was limited to 9.6 kbps. Over time, however, it became clear that ISDN was far too slow for data communications, even at B channel rates of 64 kbps, and certainly at D channel rates of 16 kbps. So, frame relay became a distinct service, independent of ISDN. In the context of the OSI Reference Model, frame relay standards address the Physical Layer and Data Link Layer, and do not specify internal network operations.

Frame relay is analogous to a streamlined and supercharged version of X.25.Although both are designed to support bursty data traffic, frame relay is intended specifically for LAN-to-LAN traffic, but also is used in support of SDLC and many other legacy protocols.Access to a frame relay network is generally over a dedicated digital circuit in the form of a DDS, a Fractional T1, an E-1 (2.048 Mbps), or a T1 (1.544 Mbps).

Access via E-3 (34 Mbps) or T3 (45 Mbps) circuits is also generally available. Frame relay statistically multiplexes frames of data over virtual circuits (VCs), with specifications providing for both permanent virtual circuits (PVCs) and switched virtual circuits (SVCs). ( Note: SVCs are virtually non-existent because of their additional complexity and cost and the fear of carriers that such a service would cannibalize the PSTN.) The user interface is in a frame relay access device (FRAD) that can be implemented on the customer premises and is analogous to an X.25 packet assembler/disassembler (PAD). Like X.25, frame relay is intended for bursty data traffic, although it works well with fixed bit rate applications, for which it offers assured bandwidth. Although both X.25 and frame relay can support voice, video, and audio, the inherently unpredictable levels of latency and loss over such a highly shared network translate into quality of service (QoS) issues. As frame relay specifies a completely digital network, error performance is excellent. Therefore, frame relay does not attempt to correct any errors created in transit, but simply discards errored frames.

It is the responsibility of the receiving user equipment to discover and recover from such an action.As frame relay guarantees frame delivery in the order sent, there is no frame sequence numbering, and there are no acknowledgements of any sort provided.As a result, the load on the computational and bandwidth resources of the network is reduced, frame processing and forwarding are speeded up considerably, and latency is reduced significantly.There are, however, a number of congestion control mechanisms that variously work to provide some assurances of acceptable performance.Whereas frame relay specifies a variable size payload up to 4,096 octets, the Frame Relay Forum (now MFA Forum) developed an Implementation Agreement (IA) that sets the maximum size at 1,600 octets for purposes of interconnectivity and interoperability.This frame size easily supports the largest standard 802.3 Ethernet frame of 1,518 octets. See also B channel, BRI, Data Link Layer, D channel, DDS, E-1, E-3, Fractional T1, FRAD, frame, IA, ISDN, ITU-T, latency, LAPD, LAPF, MFA Forum, OSI Reference Model, packet switch, PAD, Physical Layer, PRI, PVC, QoS, SDLC, signaling and control, signaling rate, SS7, statistical time division mulltiplex, SVC, T1, T3, and X.25.

• direct inward system access (DISA)
• directionality
• directivity
• Directorate General XIII (DG XIII)
• directory number (DN)
• direct outward dial (DOD)
• direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)
• direct-to-home (DTH)
• DISA
• DISA
• discard eligible (DE)
• discrete amplification
• discrete cosine transform (DCT)
• discrete multitone (DMT)
• disk operating system (DOS)
• dispersion (D)
• dispersion-shifted fiber (DSF)
• distance-vector routing protocol
• distinctive ringing
• distortion
• distributed amplification
• distributed feedback laser (DFB laser)
• Distributed Queue Dual Bus (DQDB)
• Distributed Queue Dual Bus (DQDB)
• Distribution Filter