A model having more parameters than can be estimated from the data. For example, suppose that the yields of two types of tomatoes are to be compared using the data {yjk}, where j (=1, 2) signifies the treatment and k is the number of the observation. Consider the model![overparameterized model](Images/oree/doc/10.1093/acref/9780199679188.001.0001/acref-9780199679188-math-0495-full.gif)
where the {εjk} are independent random errors, each with mean 0 and variance σ2. As it stands, this model is overparameterized, because for each value of j, only (μ+τj) can be estimated. The value attributed to μ can be arbitrarily chosen. However, the problem can be solved either by rewriting the model
or by retaining the original model and adding a constraint such as τ1+τ2=0.