“outlier”的概念、定义、翻译、参考文献-科学参考

outlier

Mathematics

An observation that is deemed to be unusual and possibly erroneous because it does not follow the general pattern of the data in the sample. However, in some contexts it is the outliers which are the most important observations. See extreme value distribution.

Statistics

An observation that is very different to other observations in a set of data. Since the most common cause is recording error, it is sensible to search for outliers (by means of summary statistics and plots of the data) before conducting any detailed statistical modelling.
Outlier. A small data set showing an obvious outlier. Whenever feasible, data should be plotted, since including an outlier will usually make nonsense of any calculations.
Various indicators are used to identify outliers. One is that an observation has a value that is more than 2.5 standard deviations from the mean. Another is that an observation has a value that lies more than 1.5I beyond the upper or the lower quartile, where I is the interquartile range (see boxplot).
If there is only a single outlier present, then an effective test for the presence of an outlier is the Dixon test. Denoting the ordered observations by y₍₁₎ ≤ y₍₂₎ ≤ … ≤ y_(n) the test statistic (see hypothesis test) is either $outlier$ depending on whether y_(n) appears unusually large, or y₍₁₎ appears unusually small. Special tables are required in order to determine significance.
For data from a normal distribution, the test statistic, G, of the Grubbs test, suggested by Grubbs in 1969, is $outlier$
where and s are the sample mean and standard deviation.
The Rosner test for multiple outliers relies on ordering the n observations in terms of their distance from . Let y_m be the observation that is the mth closest to and let the mean and standard deviation of the m−1 observations closest to the mean be and s_m−1. The decision as to whether y_m is an outlier is based on the value of $outlier$

Computer

See residual.

Geology and Earth Sciences

Area where younger rocks are surrounded completely by older rocks. It may be produced by erosion, faulting, or folding, or any combination of these. Compare inlier.

Economics

An entry in a set of statistical data which lies a long way from any pattern apparent in the rest of the data set. The presence of an outlier suggests two possibilities which warrant further investigation. One is that something really exceptional occurred to cause it; such an occurrence is a shock. The other possibility is that the outlier occurred because of a mistake in recording or processing the data. See also inlier.

单词	outlier
释义	outlier Mathematics An observation that is deemed to be unusual and possibly erroneous because it does not follow the general pattern of the data in the sample. However, in some contexts it is the outliers which are the most important observations. See extreme value distribution. Statistics An observation that is very different to other observations in a set of data. Since the most common cause is recording error, it is sensible to search for outliers (by means of summary statistics and plots of the data) before conducting any detailed statistical modelling. Outlier. A small data set showing an obvious outlier. Whenever feasible, data should be plotted, since including an outlier will usually make nonsense of any calculations. Various indicators are used to identify outliers. One is that an observation has a value that is more than 2.5 standard deviations from the mean. Another is that an observation has a value that lies more than 1.5I beyond the upper or the lower quartile, where I is the interquartile range (see boxplot). If there is only a single outlier present, then an effective test for the presence of an outlier is the Dixon test. Denoting the ordered observations by y₍₁₎ ≤ y₍₂₎ ≤ … ≤ y_(n) the test statistic (see hypothesis test) is either $outlier$ depending on whether y_(n) appears unusually large, or y₍₁₎ appears unusually small. Special tables are required in order to determine significance. For data from a normal distribution, the test statistic, G, of the Grubbs test, suggested by Grubbs in 1969, is $outlier$ where and s are the sample mean and standard deviation. The Rosner test for multiple outliers relies on ordering the n observations in terms of their distance from . Let y_m be the observation that is the mth closest to and let the mean and standard deviation of the m−1 observations closest to the mean be and s_m−1. The decision as to whether y_m is an outlier is based on the value of $outlier$ Computer See residual. Geology and Earth Sciences Area where younger rocks are surrounded completely by older rocks. It may be produced by erosion, faulting, or folding, or any combination of these. Compare inlier. Economics An entry in a set of statistical data which lies a long way from any pattern apparent in the rest of the data set. The presence of an outlier suggests two possibilities which warrant further investigation. One is that something really exceptional occurred to cause it; such an occurrence is a shock. The other possibility is that the outlier occurred because of a mistake in recording or processing the data. See also inlier.
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