“weathering”的概念、定义、翻译、参考文献-科学参考

weathering

Geology and Earth Sciences

The breakdown of rocks and minerals at and below the Earth’s surface by the action of physical and chemical processes. Essentially it is the response of Earth materials to the low pressures, low temperatures, and presence of air and water that characterize the near-surface environment, but which were not typical of the environment of formation. There are several varieties of rock breakdown (see also mechanical weathering). Simple disintegration may occur, resulting in the production of coarse, angular blocks, of peels or skins (the process of ‘desquamation’), of sands, and of silts. Minerals may be removed in solution, and chemical weathering may form new, often easily eroded substances. See also carbonation; erosion; frost wedging; hydration; hydrolysis; thermoclastic.

Geography

The breakdown, but not the removal, of rocks. Chemical weathering involves chemical change, and includes carbonation, hydration, hydrolysis, oxidation, and some organic weathering. See A. Turkington et al. (2005); see also the special issue of Geomorphology 67, 1–2. Mechanical weathering is the physical disintegration of the rock, as in pressure release, crystal growth, salt weathering, thermal expansion, and some organic weathering such as chelation, and bacterial reduction as in gley soils. See Trenhaile in D. E. Smith and A. Dawson, eds (1993) on freeze–thaw and shorelines. Hall et al. (2002) PPG 26, 4 find that in summer, and often in winter, rock temperatures support mechanical and chemical weathering, if water is present. Thorn (2004) Polar Geog. 28, 1 summarizes periglacial weathering research. Biological weathering is the disintegration of rocks through the chemical and/or physical agency of an organism. Etienne (2002) Geomorph. 47, 1 considers biogeochemical processes in the morphogenic system of periglacial environments.
Weathering rates vary with the physical structure of the rock (particularly on crystalline rocks—see Borrelli et al. (2006) Geomorph. 87, 3); bond strength (Velbel (1999) Am. J. Sci. 299), and chemical composition (Yokoyama and Matsukura (2006) Geology 34).
The weathering front is the zone of contact of the regolith with the underlying rock. In humid environments, increasing soil thickness increases weathering rates, primarily due to moisture storage and biological effects as soil develops. Eventually the rock weathering rate slows down with increasing distance from surface moisture (Gracheva et al. (2001) Quat. Int. 78). Weathering pits are depressions on a flat surface, usually on very soluble rocks, and varying in shape and ranging in size from a few centimetres to several metres in width (Domínguez-Villar (2006) Geomorph. 76, 1–2). Honeycomb weathering is a grouping of many, closely spaced pits (Pye and Mottershead (1995) Int. J. Rock Mechan. Mining Scis & Geomech. 33, 8). Tafoni are weathering pits which are cut into near vertical rock faces. Weathering rind is the chemically altered ‘skin’ of rock around an unaltered core (Etienne (2002) Geomorph. 47, 1).

单词	weathering
释义	weathering Geology and Earth Sciences The breakdown of rocks and minerals at and below the Earth’s surface by the action of physical and chemical processes. Essentially it is the response of Earth materials to the low pressures, low temperatures, and presence of air and water that characterize the near-surface environment, but which were not typical of the environment of formation. There are several varieties of rock breakdown (see also mechanical weathering). Simple disintegration may occur, resulting in the production of coarse, angular blocks, of peels or skins (the process of ‘desquamation’), of sands, and of silts. Minerals may be removed in solution, and chemical weathering may form new, often easily eroded substances. See also carbonation; erosion; frost wedging; hydration; hydrolysis; thermoclastic. Geography The breakdown, but not the removal, of rocks. Chemical weathering involves chemical change, and includes carbonation, hydration, hydrolysis, oxidation, and some organic weathering. See A. Turkington et al. (2005); see also the special issue of Geomorphology 67, 1–2. Mechanical weathering is the physical disintegration of the rock, as in pressure release, crystal growth, salt weathering, thermal expansion, and some organic weathering such as chelation, and bacterial reduction as in gley soils. See Trenhaile in D. E. Smith and A. Dawson, eds (1993) on freeze–thaw and shorelines. Hall et al. (2002) PPG 26, 4 find that in summer, and often in winter, rock temperatures support mechanical and chemical weathering, if water is present. Thorn (2004) Polar Geog. 28, 1 summarizes periglacial weathering research. Biological weathering is the disintegration of rocks through the chemical and/or physical agency of an organism. Etienne (2002) Geomorph. 47, 1 considers biogeochemical processes in the morphogenic system of periglacial environments. Weathering rates vary with the physical structure of the rock (particularly on crystalline rocks—see Borrelli et al. (2006) Geomorph. 87, 3); bond strength (Velbel (1999) Am. J. Sci. 299), and chemical composition (Yokoyama and Matsukura (2006) Geology 34). The weathering front is the zone of contact of the regolith with the underlying rock. In humid environments, increasing soil thickness increases weathering rates, primarily due to moisture storage and biological effects as soil develops. Eventually the rock weathering rate slows down with increasing distance from surface moisture (Gracheva et al. (2001) Quat. Int. 78). Weathering pits are depressions on a flat surface, usually on very soluble rocks, and varying in shape and ranging in size from a few centimetres to several metres in width (Domínguez-Villar (2006) Geomorph. 76, 1–2). Honeycomb weathering is a grouping of many, closely spaced pits (Pye and Mottershead (1995) Int. J. Rock Mechan. Mining Scis & Geomech. 33, 8). Tafoni are weathering pits which are cut into near vertical rock faces. Weathering rind is the chemically altered ‘skin’ of rock around an unaltered core (Etienne (2002) Geomorph. 47, 1).
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