He was 11 times Premier, and Foreign Minister in 14 successive governments. He entered Parliament in 1903, a strong socialist and an impressive orator. In 1905 he took a leading part in the separation of Church from state and by 1909 had become Premier. In the 1920s he was a powerful advocate of peace and international cooperation, and supported the League of Nations. The cabinet he headed in 1921 fell because of his criticism of France’s harsh treatment of Germany after the Versailles Peace Settlement. Working closely with Austen Chamberlain and Gustav Stresemann, the British and German Foreign Ministers, his greatest achievements were the Locarno Pact (1925) and the Kellogg–Briand pact (1928).