“Conservative Party((Britain))”的概念、定义、翻译、参考文献-科学参考

Conservative Party((Britain))

World History

A major political party in Britain. In 1830 it was suggested in the Quarterly Review, a Tory journal, that a better name for the old Tory Party might be Conservative since the Party stood for the preservation of existing institutions. The idea was favoured by Sir Robert Peel, whose Tamworth Manifesto, which set out a programme of reforming Conservatism, brought him briefly to the premiership in 1834–35. Although Peel was re-elected in 1841, his conversion to free trade in 1846 split the Party. Peel’s followers after a time joined the Liberals. The majority of the Party under Lord Derby and Disraeli gradually adopted the title Conservative, though Tory continued to be used also. Between 1846 and 1874 the Conservatives were a minority party though they were in office in 1867 and passed a Reform Act. In 1867 they were the first party to create a national organization with the formation of the Central Office. Disraeli described the aims of the Party as: “the preservation of our institutions, the maintenance of our Empire and the amelioration of the condition of the people”. In 1874, his government embarked on a programme of social reforms and increased the powers of central government. In 1886 those Liberals, led by Joseph Chamberlain, who rejected Gladstone’s Home Rule policy for Ireland, allied with the Party, whose full title then became the National Union of Conservative and Unionist Associations. The Party was strongly imperalist throughout the first half of the 20th century, although splitting in 1903 over the issue of free trade or empire preference. From 1915 until 1945 the Party either formed the government, except for 1924 and 1929–31, or governed in coalition with the Labour Party (1931–35; 1939–45). Since World War II it has again been in office for long periods (1951–64; 1970–74; 1979–97; from 2010, in coalition). With the growing crisis in Northern Ireland after 1968 the Ulster Unionists dissociated themselves from the Party. Until the later 1970s the Party’s policies tended to be pragmatic, accepting the basic philosophy of the welfare state and being prepared to adjust in response to a consensus of public opinion. Under the leadership of Margaret Thatcher, however, it seemed to reassert the 19th-century liberal emphasis on individual free enterprise, challenging the need for state support and subsidy, while combining this with a strong assertion of state power against local authorities, a trend that continued under the leadership of John Major. Many publicly owned companies, including British Airways, British Aerospace, British Gas, British Telecom, and British Rail were privatized by the Thatcher and Major governments. By the mid-1990s, however, the popularity of privatization was waning as criticism of the management of many of the newly privatized companies increased. In the General Election of May 1997, the Conservative Party suffered a devastating defeat, recording their lowest proportion of the vote (31%) since 1832 and winning their fewest seats (165) since 1906. Further defeats followed in 2001 and 2005.

In the In the 2010 general election the Conservatives won the most seats but were unable to secure an overall majority. They agreed to form a coalition with the Liberal Democrats, with David Cameron as Prime Minister and Nick Clegg as his deputy. The government’s main priority was a reduction of the public deficit through a controversial programme of ‘austerity' economics. Hostility to the UK’s membership of the EU had been a growing force in Conservative politics since the 1980s and the Party entered the 2015 general election campaign with a promise to hold a new referendum on the issue. Although the expectation was that the Conservatives would have to form another coalition, in the event they achieved an overall majority of 12. David Cameron remained Prime Minister. However, when the country voted to leave the EU in 2016, Cameron, who had led the campaign to remain, resigned as Prime Minister and party leader. After some factional in-fighting, Theresa May (1956- ) emerged unopposed as the new leader. A general election in 2017 led to May unexpectedly losing her majority, although the Party remained in government. May began the process of extricating the UK from the EU but the withdrawal agreement she negotiated was repeatedly rejected by Parliament, meaning that the UK missed the official deadline for leaving (29 March 2019). Having lost the confidence of much of her party, May resigned and in July was replaced as Conservative leader and Prime Minister by Boris Johnson (1964- ), who committed the UK to leaving the EU by 31 October, with or without an agreement. Having failed to have any majority in parliament, he called a General Election in December 2019, which the Conservatives won with a sizeable majority.

单词	Conservative Party((Britain))
释义	Conservative Party((Britain)) World History A major political party in Britain. In 1830 it was suggested in the Quarterly Review, a Tory journal, that a better name for the old Tory Party might be Conservative since the Party stood for the preservation of existing institutions. The idea was favoured by Sir Robert Peel, whose Tamworth Manifesto, which set out a programme of reforming Conservatism, brought him briefly to the premiership in 1834–35. Although Peel was re-elected in 1841, his conversion to free trade in 1846 split the Party. Peel’s followers after a time joined the Liberals. The majority of the Party under Lord Derby and Disraeli gradually adopted the title Conservative, though Tory continued to be used also. Between 1846 and 1874 the Conservatives were a minority party though they were in office in 1867 and passed a Reform Act. In 1867 they were the first party to create a national organization with the formation of the Central Office. Disraeli described the aims of the Party as: “the preservation of our institutions, the maintenance of our Empire and the amelioration of the condition of the people”. In 1874, his government embarked on a programme of social reforms and increased the powers of central government. In 1886 those Liberals, led by Joseph Chamberlain, who rejected Gladstone’s Home Rule policy for Ireland, allied with the Party, whose full title then became the National Union of Conservative and Unionist Associations. The Party was strongly imperalist throughout the first half of the 20th century, although splitting in 1903 over the issue of free trade or empire preference. From 1915 until 1945 the Party either formed the government, except for 1924 and 1929–31, or governed in coalition with the Labour Party (1931–35; 1939–45). Since World War II it has again been in office for long periods (1951–64; 1970–74; 1979–97; from 2010, in coalition). With the growing crisis in Northern Ireland after 1968 the Ulster Unionists dissociated themselves from the Party. Until the later 1970s the Party’s policies tended to be pragmatic, accepting the basic philosophy of the welfare state and being prepared to adjust in response to a consensus of public opinion. Under the leadership of Margaret Thatcher, however, it seemed to reassert the 19th-century liberal emphasis on individual free enterprise, challenging the need for state support and subsidy, while combining this with a strong assertion of state power against local authorities, a trend that continued under the leadership of John Major. Many publicly owned companies, including British Airways, British Aerospace, British Gas, British Telecom, and British Rail were privatized by the Thatcher and Major governments. By the mid-1990s, however, the popularity of privatization was waning as criticism of the management of many of the newly privatized companies increased. In the General Election of May 1997, the Conservative Party suffered a devastating defeat, recording their lowest proportion of the vote (31%) since 1832 and winning their fewest seats (165) since 1906. Further defeats followed in 2001 and 2005. In the In the 2010 general election the Conservatives won the most seats but were unable to secure an overall majority. They agreed to form a coalition with the Liberal Democrats, with David Cameron as Prime Minister and Nick Clegg as his deputy. The government’s main priority was a reduction of the public deficit through a controversial programme of ‘austerity' economics. Hostility to the UK’s membership of the EU had been a growing force in Conservative politics since the 1980s and the Party entered the 2015 general election campaign with a promise to hold a new referendum on the issue. Although the expectation was that the Conservatives would have to form another coalition, in the event they achieved an overall majority of 12. David Cameron remained Prime Minister. However, when the country voted to leave the EU in 2016, Cameron, who had led the campaign to remain, resigned as Prime Minister and party leader. After some factional in-fighting, Theresa May (1956- ) emerged unopposed as the new leader. A general election in 2017 led to May unexpectedly losing her majority, although the Party remained in government. May began the process of extricating the UK from the EU but the withdrawal agreement she negotiated was repeatedly rejected by Parliament, meaning that the UK missed the official deadline for leaving (29 March 2019). Having lost the confidence of much of her party, May resigned and in July was replaced as Conservative leader and Prime Minister by Boris Johnson (1964- ), who committed the UK to leaving the EU by 31 October, with or without an agreement. Having failed to have any majority in parliament, he called a General Election in December 2019, which the Conservatives won with a sizeable majority.
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