A Muslim dynasty that ruled in India for almost a century (1320–1413). Seizure of power was followed by military campaigns that brought the sultanate of Delhi to its greatest territorial extent, including the extreme south of India. The chief architect of this success was the second sultan, Muhammad ibn Tughluq (1325–51). Some of his controversial actions are deemed to have undermined rather than strengthened the empire. Gifted and well intentioned, he nevertheless gained a reputation for extreme cruelty, which led to rebellions throughout his territories. The invasion of Timur in 1398, in which Delhi was devastated, increased the chaos and in 1413 the Sayyids seized power from the Tughluqs.