Any study uniting biota with geomorphic form and process (Osterkamp and Friedman (1997) Procs USGS Sed. Workshop). Many biogeomorphological studies concentrate on the processes that link biotic and geomorphic systems, such as bioweathering, bioerosion, bioconstruction, biotransformation, biostabilization, and bioprotection (Naylor et al. (2002) Geomorph. 47, 1).
Many ‘soft engineering’ schemes for environmental management use biogeomorphological systems; see Goodson et al. (2002) Geomorph. 47 on river restoration.