The world's first operational satellite navigation system. It was developed in the early 1960s by Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, for the navigation of US Navy ballistic missile submarines. The system was operated by the Naval Space Operations Center at Point Mugu, California. The first Transit satellite, also called the Navy Navigation Satellite, was launched unsuccessfully in 1959, but Transit 5A1 became the first operational navigation satellite, on 19 December 1962. The system was made available to civilians in 1967, and the last satellite was launched in 1988, making a total of six in polar orbits. The Transit navigation system was terminated in 1996.