King of France (1226–70). He succeeded his father, Louis VIII, and worked effectively to stabilize the country and to come to terms with the English who maintained territorial claims in France. Henry III of England was forced to acknowledge French suzerainty in the disputed region of Guienne. He had a profoundly religious nature and built the Sainte‐Chapelle in Paris, to house holy relics brought from Constantinople. Prompted by his recovery from a severe illness he raised the Seventh Crusade, which was directed against Egypt, and sailed in 1248. After initial successes he was captured by Sultan Turanshah and only released upon payment of a ransom in 1250. His involvement in the Crusades was recounted by Joinville. He later mounted another Crusade to Tunis where he died. He was canonized by Pope Boniface VIII in 1297, his sanctity conferring immense prestige on the Capetian dynasty.