leading exponent of anarchism and founder-member of the Russian Populist movement. He served in the emperor’s army until his dismissal in 1835. After taking part in the Revolutions of 1848 he was exiled to Siberia. He escaped in 1861 and went to London, which was used as a headquarters for militant anarchists and communists. The first International Workingmen’s Association, founded in 1864, was marred by the conflict between Marx and Bakunin.