1. An age in the Permian epoch, preceded by the Sakmarian, followed by the Kungurian, and dated at 284.4–275.6 Ma ago (Int. Commission on Stratigraphy, 2004).

2. The name of the corresponding eastern European stage, which is roughly contemporaneous with the upper Rotliegendes (western Europe), lower/middle Leonardian (N. America), and the Bitaunian (New Zealand).