“supercooling”的概念、定义、翻译、参考文献-科学参考

supercooling

Physics

1. The cooling of a liquid to below its freezing point without a change from the liquid to solid state taking place. In this metastable state the particles of the liquid lose energy but do not fall into place in the lattice of the solid crystal. If the liquid is seeded with a small crystal, crystallization usually takes place and the temperature returns to the freezing point. This is a common occurrence in the atmosphere where water droplets frequently remain unfrozen at temperatures well below 0°C until disturbed, following which they rapidly freeze. The supercooled droplets, for example, rapidly freeze on passing aircraft forming ‘icing’, which can be a hazard.

2. The analogous cooling of a vapour to make it supersaturated until a disturbance causes condensation to occur, as in the Wilson cloud chamber.

Chemistry

1. The cooling of a liquid to below its freezing point without a change from the liquid to solid state taking place. In this metastable state the particles of the liquid lose energy but do not fall into place in the lattice of the solid crystal. If the liquid is seeded (see seed) crystallization usually takes place and the liquid returns to its normal freezing point. Crystallization can also be induced by the presence of particles of dust, by mechanical vibration, or by rough surfaces.
2. The analogous cooling of a vapour to make it supersaturated.

Chemical Engineering

A metastable state in which a liquid is cooled to below its normal freezing point without a change of phase. The particles of the liquid lose their energy but do not form a lattice structure of the solid crystal. By seeding with a small crystal, crystallization of the liquid then occurs and the temperature returns to the freezing point. Supercooling in the air occurs in which supercooled water droplets in the absence of freezing nuclei may exist at temperatures as low as -40^ºC.

Biology

The cooling of a liquid below its normal freezing point without changing from a liquid to a solid. Water is relatively amenable to supercooling, and many organisms living in cold environments exploit this property to avoid freezing of their body water and consequent tissue damage. Supercooling of extracellular fluids requires first the exclusion of potential ice-nucleating agents, such as food particles, that could promote the formation of ice crystals. Hence, animals preparing for winter frequently void their gut contents. Second, the animal manufactures antifreeze molecules, such as glycerol, which depress the freezing point. These measures can be extremely effective in achieving supercooling.

Geology and Earth Sciences

The cooling of a liquid to a temperature lower than its normal freezing temperature.

单词	supercooling
释义	supercooling Physics 1. The cooling of a liquid to below its freezing point without a change from the liquid to solid state taking place. In this metastable state the particles of the liquid lose energy but do not fall into place in the lattice of the solid crystal. If the liquid is seeded with a small crystal, crystallization usually takes place and the temperature returns to the freezing point. This is a common occurrence in the atmosphere where water droplets frequently remain unfrozen at temperatures well below 0°C until disturbed, following which they rapidly freeze. The supercooled droplets, for example, rapidly freeze on passing aircraft forming ‘icing’, which can be a hazard. 2. The analogous cooling of a vapour to make it supersaturated until a disturbance causes condensation to occur, as in the Wilson cloud chamber. Chemistry 1. The cooling of a liquid to below its freezing point without a change from the liquid to solid state taking place. In this metastable state the particles of the liquid lose energy but do not fall into place in the lattice of the solid crystal. If the liquid is seeded (see seed) crystallization usually takes place and the liquid returns to its normal freezing point. Crystallization can also be induced by the presence of particles of dust, by mechanical vibration, or by rough surfaces. 2. The analogous cooling of a vapour to make it supersaturated. Chemical Engineering A metastable state in which a liquid is cooled to below its normal freezing point without a change of phase. The particles of the liquid lose their energy but do not form a lattice structure of the solid crystal. By seeding with a small crystal, crystallization of the liquid then occurs and the temperature returns to the freezing point. Supercooling in the air occurs in which supercooled water droplets in the absence of freezing nuclei may exist at temperatures as low as -40^ºC. Biology The cooling of a liquid below its normal freezing point without changing from a liquid to a solid. Water is relatively amenable to supercooling, and many organisms living in cold environments exploit this property to avoid freezing of their body water and consequent tissue damage. Supercooling of extracellular fluids requires first the exclusion of potential ice-nucleating agents, such as food particles, that could promote the formation of ice crystals. Hence, animals preparing for winter frequently void their gut contents. Second, the animal manufactures antifreeze molecules, such as glycerol, which depress the freezing point. These measures can be extremely effective in achieving supercooling. Geology and Earth Sciences The cooling of a liquid to a temperature lower than its normal freezing temperature.
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