A revolt in France. It began when Charles X issued his ordinances of 25 July, which suspended the liberty of the press, dissolved the new chamber, reduced the electorate, and allowed him to rule by decree. His opponents erected barricades in Paris and after five days of bitter street fighting Charles was forced to abdicate. The Duc d’Orléans, Louis Philippe, was invited to become ‘King of the French’, a title which replaced the more traditional ‘King of France’. His accession marked the victory of constitutional liberal forces over arbitrary and absolutist rule.