“abstraction”的概念、定义、翻译、参考文献-科学参考

abstraction

Mathematics

The process of studying the underlying rules and structures that often connect seemingly different results, and distilling that structure by means of formal axioms. The purpose is to derive, from a set of axioms, general results that are then applicable to any example of that structure. This was a common theme of much of 20th-century pure mathematics, applying equally in algebra (e.g. groups), analysis (e.g. Banach spaces), geometry (e.g. manifolds), topology (metric spaces).

Chemistry

A chemical reaction that involves bimolecular removal of an atom or ion from a molecule. An example is the abstraction of hydrogen from methane by reaction with a radical:
${CH}_{4} + X \cdot \to H_{3} C \cdot + HX .$

Computer

The principle of ignoring those aspects of a subject that are not relevant to the current purpose in order to concentrate solely on those that are. The application of this principle is essential in the development and understanding of all forms of computer system. See data abstraction, procedural abstraction.

Geology and Earth Sciences

The artificial removal of water from a well, reservoir, or river.

Geography

The selection and conceptualization of a phenomenon, or some aspect of it; a way of viewing a real world object, usually a simplification—such as a model. Data abstraction captures the essential information needed to describe a spatial phenomenon and is fundamental in geographic information science.
See Smaalen in M. J. Kraak and M. Molenaar, eds (1996) for a hierarchical rule for geographic information abstraction. McCormack (2012) PHG 36, 6, 715, argues that ‘abstraction can be affirmed as a necessary element of understandings of lived worlds in the making’.

Philosophy

Supposed process of forming an idea by abstracting out what is common to a variety of instances: a process stressed, for example, by Aquinas in his moderate solution to the problem of universals (abstrahentium non est mendacium: abstraction is not lying). The problem is that unrestricted abstraction leads one to suppose that qualities such as substance, causation, change, and number may apply not only to the sensible bodies that give rise to our ideas of them, but also in a spiritual realm or other domain quite outside the reach of experience. Locke is vehemently attacked by Berkeley for this and related errors. See also abstract ideas.

单词	abstraction
释义	abstraction Mathematics The process of studying the underlying rules and structures that often connect seemingly different results, and distilling that structure by means of formal axioms. The purpose is to derive, from a set of axioms, general results that are then applicable to any example of that structure. This was a common theme of much of 20th-century pure mathematics, applying equally in algebra (e.g. groups), analysis (e.g. Banach spaces), geometry (e.g. manifolds), topology (metric spaces). Chemistry A chemical reaction that involves bimolecular removal of an atom or ion from a molecule. An example is the abstraction of hydrogen from methane by reaction with a radical: ${CH}_{4} + X \cdot \to H_{3} C \cdot + HX .$ Computer The principle of ignoring those aspects of a subject that are not relevant to the current purpose in order to concentrate solely on those that are. The application of this principle is essential in the development and understanding of all forms of computer system. See data abstraction, procedural abstraction. Geology and Earth Sciences The artificial removal of water from a well, reservoir, or river. Geography The selection and conceptualization of a phenomenon, or some aspect of it; a way of viewing a real world object, usually a simplification—such as a model. Data abstraction captures the essential information needed to describe a spatial phenomenon and is fundamental in geographic information science. See Smaalen in M. J. Kraak and M. Molenaar, eds (1996) for a hierarchical rule for geographic information abstraction. McCormack (2012) PHG 36, 6, 715, argues that ‘abstraction can be affirmed as a necessary element of understandings of lived worlds in the making’. Philosophy Supposed process of forming an idea by abstracting out what is common to a variety of instances: a process stressed, for example, by Aquinas in his moderate solution to the problem of universals (abstrahentium non est mendacium: abstraction is not lying). The problem is that unrestricted abstraction leads one to suppose that qualities such as substance, causation, change, and number may apply not only to the sensible bodies that give rise to our ideas of them, but also in a spiritual realm or other domain quite outside the reach of experience. Locke is vehemently attacked by Berkeley for this and related errors. See also abstract ideas.
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