A joint-stock company established in 1997 between Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine to transform SS-18 intercontinental ballistic missiles into Dnepr-1 rockets. Since the first Dnepr launch in April 1999, ISC Kosmotras has used the Dnepr-1 rocket to place 128 payloads into Earth orbit for space agencies and commercial companies, including France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, South Korea, the UK, and the USA. For its achievements, the Russian and Ukrainian governments have bestowed state prizes upon the company’s top managers, scientists, and engineers.