An interdisciplinary process which combines, explains, and communicates knowledge from a range of disciplines in order wholly to weigh up an entire chain of causes and effects. Van Amstel (2005) Env. Sci. 2, 2–3 uses an integrated assessment model to evaluate six methane emission reduction strategies on future air temperature. For a second example, see Mendonça et al. in M. van Asselt et al., eds (2001).