A confederation of independent states, formerly among the constituent republics of the Soviet Union, established in 1991 following a summit in the Belorussian city of Brest at which the USSR was dissolved. The member-states are Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus (Belorussia), Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova (Moldavia), Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan (not ratified), and Uzbekistan (Georgia joined in 1994 and withdrew in 2009; Ukraine withdrew in May 2018). The administrative headquarters of the CIS is in the Belarussian city of Minsk.