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单词 hydraulics
释义
hydraulics

Physics
  • The study of water or other fluids at rest or in motion, particularly with respect to their engineering uses. The study is based on the principles of hydrostatics and hydrodynamics.


Chemical Engineering
  • The study of the properties of liquids in motion and based on the principles of hydrodynamics and hydrostatics. The principles have been known for millennia with recorded evidence of irrigation canals and dams having been used in Egypt and Mesopotamia (now modern-day Iraq). Italian physicist Evangelista Torricelli (1609–47) noted in 1644 that the velocity of a flowing liquid is proportional to the square root of the water head. Swiss scientist Daniel Bernoulli (1700–82) obtained the relation between wall pressure, velocity, and elevation in 1738, using the word ‘hydrodynamica’ to describe the synthesis between conceptions of hydrostatics and hydraulics. Many other scientists have subsequently developed the subject area using Newtonian dynamics and differential calculus to describe the flow in pipes and channels, leading to many key concepts and the establishment of theorems including vortex motion, fluid resistance, airfoils, meteorological fronts, and statistical approaches to turbulence.


Geography
  • The study of the mechanical properties of liquids. Smith et al. (2007) PPG 31, 4 summarize the early development of hydraulics. See Boyer et al. (2006) J. Geophys. Res. 111, F04007 on flow turbulence and bed morphology, and Wilcox and Wohl (2007) Geomorph. 83, 3–4 on three-dimensional hydraulics.


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