A system established in China in 1951 to regulate the movement of people within China, enabling the state to decide where people should live and work, and thus acting as a type of domestic passport system to living and working in a named location. See Ho (2011) Citizenship Studs 15, 6-7, 643, and Bosker et al. (2012) J. Urb. Econs 72, 2–3, 252, on relaxing hukou.