The process of turning something—an artefact, symbol, or idea—into a commodity that can be exchanged, usually for money. Ioris (2007) Capital Nature Socialism 18, 1 shows how the commodification of water in Brazil has created social and environmental inequities; Naidoo (2007) Rev. Afr. Polit. Econ. 34, 111 describes the negative impacts of the commodification of service delivery in South Africa; and Thornes and Randalls (2007) Geografiska A 86, 9 describe the commodification of the atmosphere. R. Sack (1992) sees commodification as a feature of modernity. See Marks and Bezzoli (2001) Urb. Forum 12, 1 on commodified culture.