An uprising and massacre in Sicily in 1282, which began at the time of vespers (the evening church service). It marked the end of the rule of the Angevins in the island and of their dynastic ambitions in Italy. Charles I of Anjou had received the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies from Pope Urban IV in 1266 and to claim it had defeated the Hohenstaufen Manfred, son of the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II. His rule was extremely harsh, enforcing heavy taxation, and the French occupation was generally hated. Within a month all the French had been killed or forced to flee and the crown was later given to Pedro III of Aragon, who thwarted Angevin attempts at reoccupation, and who passed the crown to his son Frederick III of Sicily.