known to the British as the ‘Mad Mullah’. He believed that Christian colonization was destructive of Islamic faith in Somaliland and in 1899 he proclaimed a jihad (holy war) on all colonial powers. Between 1900 and 1904 four major expeditions by the British, Italians, and Ethiopians failed to defeat him. After a truce (1904–20) he resumed war again and was routed and killed by a British attack in 1920.