Buddhist ruler of a large empire in north India (c. 606–47). He dominated the entire Gangetic plain, and also parts of the Punjab and Rajasthan, but was repulsed from the Deccan plateau. He allowed conquered rulers to keep their titles in return for tribute, and he is considered an enlightened and talented ruler. He organized Buddhist assemblies, established charitable institutions, and patronized learning, particularly poetry. His reign is well documented, notably by his celebrated court poet, Bana, and by a Chinese Buddhist pilgrim, Xuan Cang.