A dual labour market may be composed of skilled and unskilled segments. ‘Welfare, tax and labour-market institutions continue to facilitate and maintain a segmented labour market with a wide range of employment systems and practices, making it virtually impossible for the growing proportion of the labour force in low-wage, service-dominated jobs to achieve independent living on an individual basis’ (McDowell (2004) PHG 28, 2). See also Hedberg, SULCIS W. Paper 2008:1.