a supporter of the Cavalier cause. Charles I appointed him the king’s commissioner in Scotland in 1638, but despite negotiating with the Covenanters, he was unable to avert the Bishops’ Wars. Charles kept faith with him on the outbreak of the English Civil War, but his negotiations in Scotland came to nothing in 1643, when he was expelled for refusing to sign the Solemn League and Covenant. His attempt to revive the Cavalier cause in 1648 ended in defeat at Preston, and his execution.