who held a professorship at the California Institute of Technology. In 1953 he proposed the property of strangeness for certain fundamental particles. In 1961 he and Yuval Ne’eman (1925–2006) proposed the eight-fold way to define the structure of particles. This led to Gell-Mann’s postulate of the quark in 1964 (see elementary particles). In 1969 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for physics.