“Galileo Galilei (1564–1642)”的概念、定义、翻译、参考文献-科学参考

Galileo Galilei (1564–1642)

Physics

In 1583 he noticed that the time of swing of a pendulum is independent of its amplitude, and three years later invented a hydrostatic balance for measuring relative densities. He became a professor in Padua in 1592 and it was there (in 1609) that he made his first astronomical telescope. With it he discovered four satellites of Jupiter, mountains on the moon, and sunspots. Returning to Pisa, his birthplace, he studied motion, demonstrating that the speed of a falling body is independent of its weight. He also gave open support to the sun-centred theory of the universe advocated by Copernicus, a stand that brought him into conflict with the church. He was summoned to Rome, forced to retract before the Inquisition, and banished under house arrest.

Mathematics

who established the method of studying dynamics by a combination of theory and experiment. He formulated and verified by experiment the law $s = \frac{1}{2} a t^{2}$ of constant acceleration for falling bodies and derived the parabolic path of a projectile. He developed the telescope and was the first to use it to make significant and outstanding astronomical observations. In later life, his support for the Copernican theory that the planets travel round the Sun resulted in conflict with the Church and consequent trial and house arrest.

Astronomy

In 1609 he heard of the recent invention of the telescope, and began to make his own. He built several small refractors, up to 50 mm aperture, the highest magnification being about × 30. He published Sidereus nuncius (‘Starry Messenger’) in 1610, in which he outlined his early telescopic discoveries, including mountains on the Moon, the four satellites of Jupiter (known as the Galilean satellites), and the innumerable stars of the Milky Way. Also in 1610 he observed the phases of Venus, and noted the unusual telescopic appearance of Saturn, although he did not recognize the rings’ true nature. Galileo’s discoveries added to his discontent with Aristotle’s world view, at that time still widely believed, and he advocated the Copernican system, notably in his book Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations on Two New Sciences (1632). Conflict with the Church followed, and he was tried for heresy; he lived the rest of his life under house arrest.

Philosophy

Although Galileo’s distinction belongs to the history of physics and astronomy rather than philosophy, his mature philosophy and methodology of science, particularly as derived from the Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (1632) and the Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences (1638), have been much debated. Galileo unquestionably holds that science based on observation is the true source of knowledge of the physical world, as opposed to traditional authority and philosophical speculation. He also advocates a becoming modesty concerning what we know about nature, in opposition to the dogmatic certainties of much late medieval thought. But within science the relative roles of mathematics, a priori reasoning, pure observation, and model-building are not so clear, and Galileo has been seen as an example of Platonistic rationalism as well as of Aristotelian naturalism. Particular doctrines for which he is known in philosophy include the distinction between primary and secondary qualities, and the relativity of motion. The conception of the world associated with modern science is frequently referred to as the Galilean world view.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/galileo/ A multimedia introduction to Galileo’s life and works
http://galileo.rice.edu/galileo.html An archive of articles on Galileo, with a bibliography

单词	Galileo Galilei (1564–1642)
释义	Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) Physics In 1583 he noticed that the time of swing of a pendulum is independent of its amplitude, and three years later invented a hydrostatic balance for measuring relative densities. He became a professor in Padua in 1592 and it was there (in 1609) that he made his first astronomical telescope. With it he discovered four satellites of Jupiter, mountains on the moon, and sunspots. Returning to Pisa, his birthplace, he studied motion, demonstrating that the speed of a falling body is independent of its weight. He also gave open support to the sun-centred theory of the universe advocated by Copernicus, a stand that brought him into conflict with the church. He was summoned to Rome, forced to retract before the Inquisition, and banished under house arrest. Mathematics who established the method of studying dynamics by a combination of theory and experiment. He formulated and verified by experiment the law $s = \frac{1}{2} a t^{2}$ of constant acceleration for falling bodies and derived the parabolic path of a projectile. He developed the telescope and was the first to use it to make significant and outstanding astronomical observations. In later life, his support for the Copernican theory that the planets travel round the Sun resulted in conflict with the Church and consequent trial and house arrest. Astronomy In 1609 he heard of the recent invention of the telescope, and began to make his own. He built several small refractors, up to 50 mm aperture, the highest magnification being about × 30. He published Sidereus nuncius (‘Starry Messenger’) in 1610, in which he outlined his early telescopic discoveries, including mountains on the Moon, the four satellites of Jupiter (known as the Galilean satellites), and the innumerable stars of the Milky Way. Also in 1610 he observed the phases of Venus, and noted the unusual telescopic appearance of Saturn, although he did not recognize the rings’ true nature. Galileo’s discoveries added to his discontent with Aristotle’s world view, at that time still widely believed, and he advocated the Copernican system, notably in his book Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations on Two New Sciences (1632). Conflict with the Church followed, and he was tried for heresy; he lived the rest of his life under house arrest. Philosophy Although Galileo’s distinction belongs to the history of physics and astronomy rather than philosophy, his mature philosophy and methodology of science, particularly as derived from the Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (1632) and the Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences (1638), have been much debated. Galileo unquestionably holds that science based on observation is the true source of knowledge of the physical world, as opposed to traditional authority and philosophical speculation. He also advocates a becoming modesty concerning what we know about nature, in opposition to the dogmatic certainties of much late medieval thought. But within science the relative roles of mathematics, a priori reasoning, pure observation, and model-building are not so clear, and Galileo has been seen as an example of Platonistic rationalism as well as of Aristotelian naturalism. Particular doctrines for which he is known in philosophy include the distinction between primary and secondary qualities, and the relativity of motion. The conception of the world associated with modern science is frequently referred to as the Galilean world view. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/galileo/ A multimedia introduction to Galileo’s life and works http://galileo.rice.edu/galileo.html An archive of articles on Galileo, with a bibliography
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