French Neo-Kantian. A student of Comte, Renouvier modified Kant in order to remove the ‘thing in itself’, elide the difference between theoretical and practical reason, and emphasize the categories of personality and freedom. He rejected dogmatism in religion and politics, as inconsistent with respect for the individual person. His attitude was influential on James, and through him on American pragmatism. Books included Essais de critique générale (1854–64) and La Science de la morale (1869).