The use of innovative industrial technologies, adaptable inter-firm relations, variable organizational structures, and flexible consumption, in response to competition from newly industrializing and less developed countries, and to the saturation and fragmentation of markets within more economically developed countries. Wong (2004) Land Use Policy 21, 1 argues that digitization has created new spatial dynamics underlain by flexible specialization and flexible accumulation. ‘Flexible accumulation under neoliberal globalisation produces a highly labile space-time most fully achieved through the spatially and temporally unmoored labouring body of the unauthorised immigrant’ (Smith and Winders (2008) TIBG 33, 1).