“radioactive waste”的概念、定义、翻译、参考文献-科学参考

radioactive waste

Physics

Any solid, liquid, or gaseous waste material that contains radionuclides. These wastes are produced in the mining and processing of radioactive ores, the normal running of nuclear power stations and other reactors, the manufacture of nuclear weapons, and in hospitals and research laboratories. Because high-level radioactive wastes can be extremely dangerous to all living matter and because they may contain radionuclides having half-lives of many thousands of years, their disposal has to be controlled with great stringency.

High-level waste (e.g. spent nuclear fuel) requires to be cooled artificially and is therefore stored for several decades by its producers before it can be disposed of. Intermediate-level waste (e.g. processing plant sludge and reactor components) is solidified, mixed with concrete, packed in steel drums, and stored in special sites at power stations before being buried in concrete chambers in deep mines or below the seabed. Low-level waste (e.g. solids or liquids lightly contaminated by radioactive substances) is disposed of in steel drums in special sites in concrete-lined trenches. In the UK, a company (Nirex Ltd) was set up by the nuclear industry and the government in 1988 to handle the disposal of nuclear waste. In 2006, Nirex became part of the UK Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (which had been formed in 2004). The main UK reprocessing plants are at Sellafield in Cumbria.

Chemical Engineering

The solid, liquid, or gaseous substances and materials that contain radionuclides that remain after the mining of radioactive ores, the reprocessing of nuclear fuels, the operation of nuclear reactors, the manufacture or decommissioning of nuclear weapons, and the waste from hospitals and research laboratories. The radionuclides may be highly radioactive and have very long half-lives presenting a danger to all living organisms. Their disposal is therefore highly regulated. Radioactive waste is classified as being either high-level, intermediate-level, or low-level waste. High-level waste includes spent nuclear fuel from nuclear power stations and is first required to be cooled for very long periods of time before being disposed of. Intermediate-level waste arises from the reprocessing of nuclear fuels and includes sludges, liquid, and the equipment used in the reprocessing. The waste is solidified, mixed with concrete, and packed into steel drums. It is stored in deep geologically stable mines. Low-level waste arises from materials used in the everyday activities of nuclear reprocessing, hospitals, and research laboratories, and includes liquids and solids. It is packed into steel drums and disposed of in special concrete-lined landfill sites. In the UK, these sites are under the authority of the UK Nuclear Decommissioning Authority that manages the site at Drigg near the UK reprocessing plant at Sellafield in Cumbria.

https://www.nda.gov.uk/ Official website of the UK Nuclear Decommissioning Authority.

Biology

Any solid, liquid, or gaseous waste material that contains radionuclides (radioactive atomic nuclei). These wastes are produced in the mining and processing of radioactive ores, the normal running of nuclear power stations and other reactors, the manufacture of nuclear weapons, and in hospitals and research laboratories. Because high-level radioactive wastes can be extremely dangerous to all living matter and because they may contain radionuclides having half-lives of many thousands of years, their disposal has to be controlled with great stringency.

Geology and Earth Sciences

Any discarded substance that is radioactive. Wastes are classified as high-, intermediate-, or low-level according to their level of radioactivity. Low-level waste includes clothing and materials which have been used when handling radioactive sources, e.g. in hospitals. It can be safely buried in trenches 9 m deep beneath a covering of 2 m of clay; no alpha or beta radiation could penetrate the clay cover. Intermediate- and high-level wastes are mainly from the fission process in nuclear power stations or from military waste. High-level waste is hot and intensely radioactive. It is stored, usually in ponds of water, for up to 50 years, during which time it cools and its short-lived isotopes decay until it can be classed as intermediate-level. It can then be incorporated in a borosilicate glass or synthetic rock (a synroc), sealed in a container which corrodes at a known rate, and stored in a secure surface or underground facility. After 500 to 1000 years the radioactivity will have decayed sufficiently for the waste to emit no more radiation than many naturally occurring rocks.

单词	radioactive waste
释义	radioactive waste Physics Any solid, liquid, or gaseous waste material that contains radionuclides. These wastes are produced in the mining and processing of radioactive ores, the normal running of nuclear power stations and other reactors, the manufacture of nuclear weapons, and in hospitals and research laboratories. Because high-level radioactive wastes can be extremely dangerous to all living matter and because they may contain radionuclides having half-lives of many thousands of years, their disposal has to be controlled with great stringency. High-level waste (e.g. spent nuclear fuel) requires to be cooled artificially and is therefore stored for several decades by its producers before it can be disposed of. Intermediate-level waste (e.g. processing plant sludge and reactor components) is solidified, mixed with concrete, packed in steel drums, and stored in special sites at power stations before being buried in concrete chambers in deep mines or below the seabed. Low-level waste (e.g. solids or liquids lightly contaminated by radioactive substances) is disposed of in steel drums in special sites in concrete-lined trenches. In the UK, a company (Nirex Ltd) was set up by the nuclear industry and the government in 1988 to handle the disposal of nuclear waste. In 2006, Nirex became part of the UK Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (which had been formed in 2004). The main UK reprocessing plants are at Sellafield in Cumbria. Chemical Engineering The solid, liquid, or gaseous substances and materials that contain radionuclides that remain after the mining of radioactive ores, the reprocessing of nuclear fuels, the operation of nuclear reactors, the manufacture or decommissioning of nuclear weapons, and the waste from hospitals and research laboratories. The radionuclides may be highly radioactive and have very long half-lives presenting a danger to all living organisms. Their disposal is therefore highly regulated. Radioactive waste is classified as being either high-level, intermediate-level, or low-level waste. High-level waste includes spent nuclear fuel from nuclear power stations and is first required to be cooled for very long periods of time before being disposed of. Intermediate-level waste arises from the reprocessing of nuclear fuels and includes sludges, liquid, and the equipment used in the reprocessing. The waste is solidified, mixed with concrete, and packed into steel drums. It is stored in deep geologically stable mines. Low-level waste arises from materials used in the everyday activities of nuclear reprocessing, hospitals, and research laboratories, and includes liquids and solids. It is packed into steel drums and disposed of in special concrete-lined landfill sites. In the UK, these sites are under the authority of the UK Nuclear Decommissioning Authority that manages the site at Drigg near the UK reprocessing plant at Sellafield in Cumbria. https://www.nda.gov.uk/ Official website of the UK Nuclear Decommissioning Authority. Biology Any solid, liquid, or gaseous waste material that contains radionuclides (radioactive atomic nuclei). These wastes are produced in the mining and processing of radioactive ores, the normal running of nuclear power stations and other reactors, the manufacture of nuclear weapons, and in hospitals and research laboratories. Because high-level radioactive wastes can be extremely dangerous to all living matter and because they may contain radionuclides having half-lives of many thousands of years, their disposal has to be controlled with great stringency. Geology and Earth Sciences Any discarded substance that is radioactive. Wastes are classified as high-, intermediate-, or low-level according to their level of radioactivity. Low-level waste includes clothing and materials which have been used when handling radioactive sources, e.g. in hospitals. It can be safely buried in trenches 9 m deep beneath a covering of 2 m of clay; no alpha or beta radiation could penetrate the clay cover. Intermediate- and high-level wastes are mainly from the fission process in nuclear power stations or from military waste. High-level waste is hot and intensely radioactive. It is stored, usually in ponds of water, for up to 50 years, during which time it cools and its short-lived isotopes decay until it can be classed as intermediate-level. It can then be incorporated in a borosilicate glass or synthetic rock (a synroc), sealed in a container which corrodes at a known rate, and stored in a secure surface or underground facility. After 500 to 1000 years the radioactivity will have decayed sufficiently for the waste to emit no more radiation than many naturally occurring rocks.
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