The process of frequency scaling and impedance scaling applied to a normalized low-pass filter. The normalized filter response can be frequency scaled by dividing all the reactive elements of the normalized filter by a frequency scaling factor; this factor is given by the ratio of a reference frequency of the desired response to the corresponding reference frequency in the normalized response. Impedance scaling converts the normalized filter circuit element impedances (i.e. R, L, or C) to practical realizable values; the scaling is achieved by the impedance scaling factor, which increases the resistance and inductance values and decreases the capacitance values without changing the filter response.