“quantum theory”的概念、定义、翻译、参考文献-科学参考

quantum theory

Physics

The theory devised by Max Planck in 1900 to account for the emission of the black-body radiation from hot bodies. According to this theory energy is emitted in quanta (see quantum), each of which has an energy equal to hν‎, where h is the Planck constant and ν‎ is the frequency of the radiation. This theory led to the modern theory of the interaction between matter and radiation known as quantum mechanics, which generalizes and replaces classical mechanics and Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory. In nonrelativistic quantum theory particles are assumed to be neither created nor destroyed, to move slowly relative to the speed of light, and to have a mass that does not change with velocity. These assumptions apply to atomic and molecular phenomena and to some aspects of nuclear physics. Relativistic quantum theory applies to particles that travel at or near the speed of light.

Mathematics

The area of physics concerned with the behaviour of particles at small scales where the discrete nature of matter becomes important and more generally with other quantum phenomena such as quantum information and quantum computers. The results of experiments early in the 20th century could only be explained by quantities such as momentum and energy only being able to take certain discrete values, yet the behaviour of particles taken together was that of a wave, giving rise to the wave-particle duality. See also Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, measurement, observable, Schrödinger’s equation.

Astronomy

A theory of physics in which energy exists only in discrete quantities, called quanta. It was originated in 1900 by the German physicist Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (1858–1947), who suggested that electromagnetic radiation is quantized, i.e. it can be emitted or absorbed only in tiny packets, not continuously. Each quantum of radiation, called a photon, has an energy equal to hf, where h is the Planck constant and f the frequency of the radiation. This enabled Planck to explain the wavelength distribution of energy from hot bodies, known as black-body radiation. Quantum theory led to the modern theory of the interaction between matter and radiation known as quantum mechanics.

Chemistry

The theory devised by Max Planck in 1900 to account for the emission of the black-body radiation from hot bodies. According to this theory energy is emitted in quanta (see quantum), each of which has an energy equal to hν‎, where h is the Planck constant and ν‎ is the frequency of the radiation. This theory led to the modern theory of the interaction between matter and radiation known as quantum mechanics, which generalizes and replaces classical mechanics and Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory. In nonrelativistic quantum theory particles are assumed to be neither created nor destroyed, to move slowly relative to the speed of light, and to have a mass that does not change with velocity. These assumptions apply to atomic and molecular phenomena and to some aspects of nuclear physics. Relativistic quantum theory applies to particles that have zero rest mass or travel at or near the speed of light.

Chemical Engineering

A theory concerning the behaviour of physical systems first developed by German physicist Max Planck (1858–1947) in 1900. The theory is based on the idea that such systems possess certain properties, such as energy and angular momentum, in discrete amounts or quanta.

Electronics and Electrical Engineering

A theory introduced by Max Planck in 1900 to explain the emission and absorption of radiation (black-body radiation) by material bodies. Planck postulated that the atoms in the body behaved as tiny oscillators, which could radiate or absorb energy only in discrete packages. He called these packages light quanta, known today as photons, whose energy is given by
$E = h ν = ℏ ω$
where ℏ is the rationalized Planck constant, equal to h/2π, ν is the frequency of the absorbed or emitted radiation, and ω is the angular frequency.
The quantum theory was a profound departure from classical physics, which presumed energy to be continuous and hence infinitely divisible into smaller and smaller quantities. Quantum theory was used successfully by Einstein in 1905 to explain the photoelectric effect: if the frequency of the irradiating light is less than some threshold frequency ν₀, then no matter how intense the light no photoelectric effect would be observed; for incident light of frequency greater than ν₀, photoelectrons are emitted in numbers directly proportional to the intensity of the light – in other words, proportional to the number of incident light quanta or photons.
Quantum theory is used to describe physical behaviour on the atomic scale of matter – at the level of individual atoms, electrons, or photons – or in solids where the dimensions approach those of a few atomic diameters, say less than about 10 nanometres. The mathematical framework describing quantum theory is found in quantum mechanics.

单词	quantum theory
释义	quantum theory Physics The theory devised by Max Planck in 1900 to account for the emission of the black-body radiation from hot bodies. According to this theory energy is emitted in quanta (see quantum), each of which has an energy equal to hν‎, where h is the Planck constant and ν‎ is the frequency of the radiation. This theory led to the modern theory of the interaction between matter and radiation known as quantum mechanics, which generalizes and replaces classical mechanics and Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory. In nonrelativistic quantum theory particles are assumed to be neither created nor destroyed, to move slowly relative to the speed of light, and to have a mass that does not change with velocity. These assumptions apply to atomic and molecular phenomena and to some aspects of nuclear physics. Relativistic quantum theory applies to particles that travel at or near the speed of light. Mathematics The area of physics concerned with the behaviour of particles at small scales where the discrete nature of matter becomes important and more generally with other quantum phenomena such as quantum information and quantum computers. The results of experiments early in the 20th century could only be explained by quantities such as momentum and energy only being able to take certain discrete values, yet the behaviour of particles taken together was that of a wave, giving rise to the wave-particle duality. See also Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, measurement, observable, Schrödinger’s equation. Astronomy A theory of physics in which energy exists only in discrete quantities, called quanta. It was originated in 1900 by the German physicist Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (1858–1947), who suggested that electromagnetic radiation is quantized, i.e. it can be emitted or absorbed only in tiny packets, not continuously. Each quantum of radiation, called a photon, has an energy equal to hf, where h is the Planck constant and f the frequency of the radiation. This enabled Planck to explain the wavelength distribution of energy from hot bodies, known as black-body radiation. Quantum theory led to the modern theory of the interaction between matter and radiation known as quantum mechanics. Chemistry The theory devised by Max Planck in 1900 to account for the emission of the black-body radiation from hot bodies. According to this theory energy is emitted in quanta (see quantum), each of which has an energy equal to hν‎, where h is the Planck constant and ν‎ is the frequency of the radiation. This theory led to the modern theory of the interaction between matter and radiation known as quantum mechanics, which generalizes and replaces classical mechanics and Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory. In nonrelativistic quantum theory particles are assumed to be neither created nor destroyed, to move slowly relative to the speed of light, and to have a mass that does not change with velocity. These assumptions apply to atomic and molecular phenomena and to some aspects of nuclear physics. Relativistic quantum theory applies to particles that have zero rest mass or travel at or near the speed of light. Chemical Engineering A theory concerning the behaviour of physical systems first developed by German physicist Max Planck (1858–1947) in 1900. The theory is based on the idea that such systems possess certain properties, such as energy and angular momentum, in discrete amounts or quanta. Electronics and Electrical Engineering A theory introduced by Max Planck in 1900 to explain the emission and absorption of radiation (black-body radiation) by material bodies. Planck postulated that the atoms in the body behaved as tiny oscillators, which could radiate or absorb energy only in discrete packages. He called these packages light quanta, known today as photons, whose energy is given by $E = h ν = ℏ ω$ where ℏ is the rationalized Planck constant, equal to h/2π, ν is the frequency of the absorbed or emitted radiation, and ω is the angular frequency. The quantum theory was a profound departure from classical physics, which presumed energy to be continuous and hence infinitely divisible into smaller and smaller quantities. Quantum theory was used successfully by Einstein in 1905 to explain the photoelectric effect: if the frequency of the irradiating light is less than some threshold frequency ν₀, then no matter how intense the light no photoelectric effect would be observed; for incident light of frequency greater than ν₀, photoelectrons are emitted in numbers directly proportional to the intensity of the light – in other words, proportional to the number of incident light quanta or photons. Quantum theory is used to describe physical behaviour on the atomic scale of matter – at the level of individual atoms, electrons, or photons – or in solids where the dimensions approach those of a few atomic diameters, say less than about 10 nanometres. The mathematical framework describing quantum theory is found in quantum mechanics.
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