The surroundings. The natural environment includes the nature of the living space (sea or land, soil or water), the chemical constituents and physical properties of the living space, the climate, and the assortment of other organisms present. The phenomenal environment includes changes and modifications of the natural environment made by man. The effect of the environment on man is modified, in part, by the way the environment is perceived, and human geographers distinguish this—the subjective environment—from the objective environment—the real world as it is. Eden (2001) PHG 25, 1 shows that nature and the environment are not only differently perceived and classified by different groups but also used differently in association with policies and actions which can then materially influence what is being perceived. Simmons (2000) Geog. 85 describes the ‘many layers’ of environment as ‘something more like a double helix of mind and matter, whose gyre seems to be ever-widening, spinning unpredictable combinations of society and economy into the main space, but also throwing off minor gyres, which might be short-lived but might equally be the germs of the main arms of the future’.