An organizer, singly or in partnership, who takes risks in creating, investing in, and developing a firm from its inception through to hoped-for profitability as goods and services are marketed. In recent decades, most industrialized receiving countries have experienced a rise of immigrant and ethnic entrepreneurship: see R. Kloosterman and J. Rath (2003). Jessop and Sum (2000) Urb. Studs 12 hold that an entrepreneurial city pursues innovative strategies intended to maintain or enhance its economic competitiveness vis-à-vis other cities and economic spaces. A. Cronin and K. Hetherington (2008) see an entrepreneurial city as characterized by business-led urban development, technological innovation, social capital featuring skilled labour, and social and environmental sustainability, and supported by local authorities, educational and training institutions, and its own heritage and cultural industries.