The study of the design, construction, and operation of mechanical, electrical, and chemical systems, processes, and devices. Derived from the Latin ingenium meaning ‘invention’, the engineering disciplines that we know today originated from military engineering that involved machines of war. Civil engineering was therefore the first engineering discipline to be identified for the design of structures such as bridges, buildings, and roads for civilian and non-military purposes. The establishment of mechanical engineering was also to follow in the early nineteenth century. The discipline of chemical engineering was developed during the Industrial Revolution through the development of industrial-scale chemical plants outside of the realms of applied chemistry. By 1908, the American Institute of Chemical Engineers was founded some fourteen years before the Institution of Chemical Engineers in the UK in 1922. A person who practises engineering is known as an engineer. In the UK, a professional chemical engineer may be qualified as a chartered chemical engineer or incorporated engineer by the Institution of Chemical Engineers. An engineer applies the laws of physics and mathematics to solve problems, leading to improvement in the wellbeing of society, while using available resources responsibly, safely, and ethically, and without harm or damage to the environment.