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Einstein, Albert (1879–1955)
Physics
who took Swiss nationality in 1901. A year later he went to work in the Bern patent office. In 1905 he published four enormously influential papers, one on Brownian motion, one on the photoelectric effect, one on the special theory of relativity, and one on energy and inertia (which included the famous result E=mc2). In 1915 he published the general theory of relativity, concerned with gravitation. He made several important predictions from this theory, including the amount by which light is deflected by a massive body, the precession of the relativity of Mercury, and the existence of gravitational waves. Einstein also made several key contributions to the early development of quantum mechanics, including the particle nature of light and other electromagnetic radiation, the specific heat of solids, the quantum theory of radiation, the first work on quantum chaos, and the prediction of Bose–Einstein condensation. He was very sceptical of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics and put forward the EPR experiment as an objection to it. In 1921 he was awarded the Nobel Prize. In 1933, as a Jew, Einstein decided to remain in the USA (where he was lecturing), as Hitler had come to power. For the remainder of his life he unsuccessfully sought a unified-field theory. In 1939 he informed President Roosevelt that an atom bomb was feasible and that Germany might be able to make one. https://history.aip.org/history/exhibits/einstein/ A comprehensive website about his life and work run by the American Institute of Physics Center for History of Physics
Mathematics
Outstanding German mathematical physicist, best known for his seminal work on relativity. He published in 1905 the Special Theory of Relativity and in 1915 the General Theory. He made a fundamental contribution to the birth of quantum theory and had an important influence on thermodynamics. Indeed, his Nobel Prize of 1921 was for his work on the photoelectric effect, rather than for relativity.
Astronomy
His theories of relativity helped to shape twentieth-century science and had profound implications for astronomy. The special theory of relativity (published in 1905) arose out of the failure to detect the ether and built on the work of the Dutch physicist Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (1853–1928) and the Irish physicist George Francis Fitzgerald (1851–1901). It yields the relation E = mc2 between mass and energy, which was the key to understanding energy generation in stars. The general theory of relativity (announced 1915, published in expanded form 1916), which encompasses gravitation, assumes great importance in very large-scale systems and rapidly had an impact on cosmology. Astronomy has furnished observational evidence to support these theories. Einstein produced no subsequent work of great significance, searching unsuccessfully for a theory that would link relativity with electromagnetic forces (a so-called grand unified theory). His Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 was awarded primarily for his work on the photoelectric effect.
Space Exploration
whose theories of relativity revolutionized our understanding of matter, space, and time. Einstein established that light may have a particle nature. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921 for his work on theoretical physics, especially the photoelectric law. He also investigated Brownian motion, confirming the existence of atoms. His last conception of the basic laws governing the universe was outlined in his unified field theory, made public in 1953.
Chemistry
who took Swiss nationality in 1901. A year later he went to work in the Bern patent office. In 1905 he published four enormously influential papers, one on Brownian movement, one on the photoelectric effect, one on the special theory of relativity, and one on energy and inertia (which included the famous expression E = mc2). In 1915 he published the general theory of relativity, concerned mainly with gravitation. In the early part of his career he also worked on statistical mechanics, put forward ways of determining the sizes of molecules, and contributed to the development of quantum theory. In 1921 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for physics. In 1933, as a Jew, Einstein decided to remain in the USA (where he was lecturing), as Hitler had come to power. For the remainder of his life he sought a unified field theory. In 1939 he informed President Roosevelt that an atom bomb was feasible and that Germany might be able to make one.
Chemical Engineering
A German-born mathematical physicist who took Swiss nationality in 1901. He originated the theory of relativity and also explained important results from the quantum theory of energy. He explained the variation of specific heat with temperature and also developed a law of the photoelectric effect. He later produced a complete theory to account for Brownian motion. Einstein resigned his German professorship with the rise of the Nazi regime, and worked first at Oxford University and then in Princeton University. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921.
Philosophy
and discoverer of the theory of relativity. Born in Ulm, Einstein received his scientific education in Zurich. After an undistinguished career as a student he found employment in the Patent Office in Bern, and it was from here that in 1905 he published the papers that laid the foundation of his reputation, on the photoelectric effect, on Brownian motion, and on the special theory of relativity. In 1916 he published the general theory. In 1933 Einstein accepted the position at the Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies which he occupied for the rest of his life. Einstein maintained profound philosophical interests, and frequently emphasized the importance to his work of the philosophical thought of his predecessors, especially Hume and Mach. In his later years his reflections on the nature of the world as it is described by quantum mechanics occasioned prolonged discussion with the Danish physicist Niels Bohr. Einstein’s conviction that quantum mechanics could not possibly be the last word about the nature of physical reality was frequently felt to be conservative, but the project that occupied him, the search for a field theory that would unify the four fundamental physical forces, has recently sprung back into prominence. Einstein’s belief that fundamental physics should concern the ‘marble’ of space, time, and geometry, rather than the ‘wood’ of arbitrary proliferations of particles, is again congenial to many physicists. http://www.aip.org/history/einstein/ An online exhibit on Einstein, with links to other resources http://www.alberteinstein.info/ An archive of Einstein’s writings
World History
of the theory of relativity, often regarded as the greatest scientist of the 20th century. In 1905 he published three outstanding papers dealing with the photoelectric effect, Brownian motion, and his special theory of relativity. Relativity abandons the idea of absolute space and time as a reference framework for all bodies; instead a distinction is made between the framework of the observer and that of the object. Among the theory’s most important conclusions is that mass and energy are interconvertible, expressed by the equation e = mc2 (c being the speed of light). In 1915 Einstein published the general theory of relativity. This extended his ideas to gravitation, which he treated as a curvature of the space–time continuum. The general theory was vindicated when the predicted deflection of light rays passing through a substantial gravitational field was confirmed by observations during the solar eclipse of 1919. As a Jew, Einstein decided to live in the USA when Hitler came to power in 1933. For the remainder of his life he sought without success a unified field theory embracing electromagnetism, gravitation, and quantum mechanics. In 1939 he put his name to a letter to President Roosevelt about the military potential of nuclear energy, greatly influencing the decision to build an atom bomb. After the war he spoke out passionately against nuclear weapons.
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