“earthquake”的概念、定义、翻译、参考文献-科学参考

earthquake

Physics

A sudden movement or fracturing within the earth’s lithosphere, causing a series of shocks. This may range from a mild tremor to a large-scale earth movement causing extensive damage over a wide area. The point at which the earthquake originates is known as the seismic focus; the point on the earth’s surface directly above this is the epicentre (or hypocentre). See seismic waves. Earthquakes result from a build-up of stresses within the rocks until they are strained to the point beyond which they will fracture. They occur in narrow continuous belts of activity, which correspond with the junction of lithospheric plates, including the circum-Pacific belt, the Alpine–Himalayan belt, and mid-ocean ridges. The scale of the shock of an earthquake is known as the magnitude; the most commonly used scale for comparing the magnitude of earthquakes is the logarithmic Richter scale (9.5 is the highest recorded magnitude on the scale).

The mathematical analysis of the geophysics responsible for earthquakes makes it clear that it is very difficult to predict when an earthquake will occur.

Geology and Earth Sciences

Motion of the Earth. Tectonic earthquakes result from the release of accumulated strain when brittle failure occurs. This failure coincides with the release of stress on the rocks that actually break. Earthquakes are usually classified in terms of their depth: shallow are less than 70 km depth; intermediate 70–300 km; and deep more than 300 km. No earthquakes are known below 720 km depth. Earthquakes may also be caused by volcanic activity or induced explosions (e.g. A-bombs) to which the elastic model of tectonic earthquakes does not apply. The energy released is not stored kinetic energy, but chemical/physical energy which imposes a sudden stress that locally exceeds the strength of the rocks and no significant accumulated strain is involved as the rocks yield to the imposed stresses.

Geography

A sudden and violent movement, or fracture, within the Earth, followed by a resultant series of shocks. Earthquakes occur in narrow, continuous belts of activity which correspond with plate junctions; see Witter et al. (2003) GSA Bull. 115, 10. The scale of the shock of an earthquake is known as the magnitude; the most commonly used scale is the Richter scale, while the intensity of an earthquake is measured by the Mercalli scale.
Earthquake waves are of three basic types: P, primary, push waves travel from the focus by the displacement of surrounding particles and are transmitted though solids, liquids, and gases; S, secondary or shake waves travel through solids; and L, long or surface waves travel on the Earth’s surface. Computers have been used in earthquake wave analysis since the 1980s; see Tan et al. (2008) Turkish J. Earth Sci. 17. For earthquake prediction, see Brace et al. (1966) J. Geophys. Res. 71, 16 on dilatancy theory; Kuo et al. (2006) Ground Water 44, 5 on radon-222; and Chen et al. (2002) Geology 30 on older fault scarps. Rhoades et al. (2011) Acta Geophysica 59, 4, 728 investigate the efficiency of earthquake forecasting models.

单词	earthquake
释义	earthquake Physics A sudden movement or fracturing within the earth’s lithosphere, causing a series of shocks. This may range from a mild tremor to a large-scale earth movement causing extensive damage over a wide area. The point at which the earthquake originates is known as the seismic focus; the point on the earth’s surface directly above this is the epicentre (or hypocentre). See seismic waves. Earthquakes result from a build-up of stresses within the rocks until they are strained to the point beyond which they will fracture. They occur in narrow continuous belts of activity, which correspond with the junction of lithospheric plates, including the circum-Pacific belt, the Alpine–Himalayan belt, and mid-ocean ridges. The scale of the shock of an earthquake is known as the magnitude; the most commonly used scale for comparing the magnitude of earthquakes is the logarithmic Richter scale (9.5 is the highest recorded magnitude on the scale). The mathematical analysis of the geophysics responsible for earthquakes makes it clear that it is very difficult to predict when an earthquake will occur. Geology and Earth Sciences Motion of the Earth. Tectonic earthquakes result from the release of accumulated strain when brittle failure occurs. This failure coincides with the release of stress on the rocks that actually break. Earthquakes are usually classified in terms of their depth: shallow are less than 70 km depth; intermediate 70–300 km; and deep more than 300 km. No earthquakes are known below 720 km depth. Earthquakes may also be caused by volcanic activity or induced explosions (e.g. A-bombs) to which the elastic model of tectonic earthquakes does not apply. The energy released is not stored kinetic energy, but chemical/physical energy which imposes a sudden stress that locally exceeds the strength of the rocks and no significant accumulated strain is involved as the rocks yield to the imposed stresses. Geography A sudden and violent movement, or fracture, within the Earth, followed by a resultant series of shocks. Earthquakes occur in narrow, continuous belts of activity which correspond with plate junctions; see Witter et al. (2003) GSA Bull. 115, 10. The scale of the shock of an earthquake is known as the magnitude; the most commonly used scale is the Richter scale, while the intensity of an earthquake is measured by the Mercalli scale. Earthquake waves are of three basic types: P, primary, push waves travel from the focus by the displacement of surrounding particles and are transmitted though solids, liquids, and gases; S, secondary or shake waves travel through solids; and L, long or surface waves travel on the Earth’s surface. Computers have been used in earthquake wave analysis since the 1980s; see Tan et al. (2008) Turkish J. Earth Sci. 17. For earthquake prediction, see Brace et al. (1966) J. Geophys. Res. 71, 16 on dilatancy theory; Kuo et al. (2006) Ground Water 44, 5 on radon-222; and Chen et al. (2002) Geology 30 on older fault scarps. Rhoades et al. (2011) Acta Geophysica 59, 4, 728 investigate the efficiency of earthquake forecasting models.
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