“Pascal, Blaise (1623–62)”的概念、定义、翻译、参考文献-科学参考

Pascal, Blaise (1623–62)

Physics

An infant prodigy, he had already made a mechanical calculating machine by 1642. In physics he formulated Pascal’s law concerning fluid pressure and the principle behind the hydraulic press. The SI unit of pressure is named after him.

Mathematics

who in mathematics is noted for his work in geometry, hydrostatics, and probability. Pascal’s triangle, the arrangement of the binomial coefficients, was not invented by him, but he did use it in his studies in probability, on which he corresponded with Fermat. He also joined in the work on finding the areas of curved figures, work which was soon to lead to the calculus. Here, his main contribution was to find the area of an arch in the shape of a cycloid.

Statistics

whose first paper was published when he was seventeen. His father, also a mathematician, was employed at one time as a tax collector and Blaise, at the age of nineteen, invented a mechanical calculator capable of working with a currency that used multiples of both 12 and 20. In a correspondence with Fermat concerning the problem of points, Pascal laid the foundations for the modern treatment of probability. Following that correspondence he wrote Traité du triangle arithmetique (Treatise on the arithmetical triangle) which showed the usefulness of Pascal's triangle. He is quoted as saying ‘It is not certain that everything is uncertain’. A street in Paris, a lunar crater, a computer language, and the S. I. unit of pressure are named after him.
http://www.umass.edu/wsp/resources/poisson/pascal.html Information and portrait

Chemical Engineering

A French mathematician, physicist, and thinker on religion and philosophy. With help from his brother-in-law, he arranged an experiment on the Puy de Dome, a mountain in the Auvergne, and was able to show that the height of mercury in a barometer decreases with elevation. He also discovered that liquids transmit pressure in all directions. To show how columns of liquid balance one another, he designed ‘Pascal’s vases’, which are unusually shaped vessels but the pressure at the bottom of each when filled to the same depth is the same. The unit of pressure is named after him. He suffered ill health throughout most of his life and died at the early age of 39.

Philosophy

A mathematical prodigy, Pascal published his discoveries on the theory of conic sections at the age of sixteen. He invented the first practicable calculating machine, in 1642, while his experimental and mathematical work on the barometer affords a model of mid-17th-century science and methodology. His celebrated correspondence with Pierre Fermat laid the basis of the modern theory of probability. Pascal’s family were associated with the Jansenists of Port-Royal, where his sister was a nun. After a profound religious experience in 1654, Pascal turned to philosophy and theology. His Lettres provinciales are a defence of Arnauld against his Jesuit opponents, but in spite of his efforts the two Port-Royal convents were closed in 1661. De l’esprit géométrique contains Pascal’s scientific and methodological philosophy, while the Pensées (1670) are an acknowledged classic of devotional literature (see Pascal’s wager). Both were published posthumously, and the latter, existing only in fragments, not given a definitive edition until 1952. Because of his prevailing scepticism, coupled, however, with a deep faith, Pascal has been compared to Kierkegaard as a leading example of religious conviction based on existential commitment and faith rather than on reason. Like Berkeley, Pascal had a deep concern for the poor, and founded the first ever public bus service, whose profits he gave to charity.
http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Pascal.html A brief biography of Pascal, with links to other websites
http://www.religioustolerance.org/pascal_w.htm Discussion of Pascal’s wager, with links to other websites

单词	Pascal, Blaise (1623–62)
释义	Pascal, Blaise (1623–62) Physics An infant prodigy, he had already made a mechanical calculating machine by 1642. In physics he formulated Pascal’s law concerning fluid pressure and the principle behind the hydraulic press. The SI unit of pressure is named after him. Mathematics who in mathematics is noted for his work in geometry, hydrostatics, and probability. Pascal’s triangle, the arrangement of the binomial coefficients, was not invented by him, but he did use it in his studies in probability, on which he corresponded with Fermat. He also joined in the work on finding the areas of curved figures, work which was soon to lead to the calculus. Here, his main contribution was to find the area of an arch in the shape of a cycloid. Statistics whose first paper was published when he was seventeen. His father, also a mathematician, was employed at one time as a tax collector and Blaise, at the age of nineteen, invented a mechanical calculator capable of working with a currency that used multiples of both 12 and 20. In a correspondence with Fermat concerning the problem of points, Pascal laid the foundations for the modern treatment of probability. Following that correspondence he wrote Traité du triangle arithmetique (Treatise on the arithmetical triangle) which showed the usefulness of Pascal's triangle. He is quoted as saying ‘It is not certain that everything is uncertain’. A street in Paris, a lunar crater, a computer language, and the S. I. unit of pressure are named after him. http://www.umass.edu/wsp/resources/poisson/pascal.html Information and portrait Chemical Engineering A French mathematician, physicist, and thinker on religion and philosophy. With help from his brother-in-law, he arranged an experiment on the Puy de Dome, a mountain in the Auvergne, and was able to show that the height of mercury in a barometer decreases with elevation. He also discovered that liquids transmit pressure in all directions. To show how columns of liquid balance one another, he designed ‘Pascal’s vases’, which are unusually shaped vessels but the pressure at the bottom of each when filled to the same depth is the same. The unit of pressure is named after him. He suffered ill health throughout most of his life and died at the early age of 39. Philosophy A mathematical prodigy, Pascal published his discoveries on the theory of conic sections at the age of sixteen. He invented the first practicable calculating machine, in 1642, while his experimental and mathematical work on the barometer affords a model of mid-17th-century science and methodology. His celebrated correspondence with Pierre Fermat laid the basis of the modern theory of probability. Pascal’s family were associated with the Jansenists of Port-Royal, where his sister was a nun. After a profound religious experience in 1654, Pascal turned to philosophy and theology. His Lettres provinciales are a defence of Arnauld against his Jesuit opponents, but in spite of his efforts the two Port-Royal convents were closed in 1661. De l’esprit géométrique contains Pascal’s scientific and methodological philosophy, while the Pensées (1670) are an acknowledged classic of devotional literature (see Pascal’s wager). Both were published posthumously, and the latter, existing only in fragments, not given a definitive edition until 1952. Because of his prevailing scepticism, coupled, however, with a deep faith, Pascal has been compared to Kierkegaard as a leading example of religious conviction based on existential commitment and faith rather than on reason. Like Berkeley, Pascal had a deep concern for the poor, and founded the first ever public bus service, whose profits he gave to charity. http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Pascal.html A brief biography of Pascal, with links to other websites http://www.religioustolerance.org/pascal_w.htm Discussion of Pascal’s wager, with links to other websites
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