The view that the development of the advanced economies has caused the underdevelopment of less economically developed nations; see A. G. Frank (1967). D. Slater (2004) finds that while dependency theory possesses a continuing relevance, owing to its concern with the marginalized and oppressed, a post-colonial version would overcome a ‘hyper’ focus on class conditions by introducing concerns with agency, discourse, and knowledge-making. Shepherd (2005) TIBG 30, 2 thinks dependency theory has been ignored because ‘it fails to conform to the neoclassical hard core’.