The treaty that concluded the American War of Independence. It was mainly engineered by John Jay, Benjamin Franklin, and the Earl of Shelburne, and was damaging to Spain, which regained only Florida. The peace recognized American independence, gave it north-eastern fishing rights, and attempted (unsuccessfully) to safeguard creditors, protect loyalists, and settle the frontier between Canada and the USA. These failures led to 30 years’ friction, especially in the North-west territory, where Britain retained forts in retaliation, and led to the War of 1812.