The study of past climates from the traces left behind in the geologic record. It is assumed that the uniformitarian principle has obtained, but this may not be the case, and the geologic data are always insufficient for palaeoclimatological purposes. Dating methods and palaeogeographic reconstructions are suspect, and often fossil faunas and floras cannot be related easily in terms of time. Most glacial strata can be dated only within wide limits and many climatic criteria leave no mark in the rocks.