Florida (2004) Next American City 5 identifies as crucial to creativity: creative human capital; innovative activity associated with high-tech agglomerations; and the quality of a place as ‘liberal, tolerant, and capable of attracting skilled people able to generate new ideas’. Florida also envisages the creative class as a mobile section of the population, willing and able to uproot in order to find the best jobs and lifestyles, but this thesis is attacked by J. Peck (2011) and by Borén and Young (2013) AAAG 103, 1, 195. Storper and Venables (2004) J. Econ. Geog. 4, 4 argue that face-to-face contacts are the most fundamental aspect of proximity, particularly important in environments where information is imperfect, rapidly changing, and not easily codified.