“Onsager relations”的概念、定义、翻译、参考文献-科学参考

Onsager relations

Chemistry

In a system that is not at equilibrium, various changes are occurring. For example, there may be a flow of energy from one part of the system to another and, at the same time, a flow of mass (diffusion). Flows of this type are coupled, i.e. each depends on the other. Equations exist of the type
$\begin{array}{l} J_{1} = L_{11} X_{1} + L_{12} X_{2} \\ J_{2} = L_{21} X_{1} + L_{22} X_{2} \end{array}$
where J₁ is the flow of energy and J₂ the flow of matter. X₁ is the ‘force’ producing energy flow and X₂ that producing matter flow. L₁₁ is the coefficient for thermal conductance and L₂₂ the coefficient for diffusion. The coefficients L₁₂ and L₂₁ represent coupling of the flows with each other. Equations of this type can be generalized to any number of flows and are known as the phenomenological relations. In Onsager’s theory the coupling coefficients are equal, i.e. L₁₂ = L₂₁, etc. These are known as reciprocal relations. It follows that:
${(\partial J_{1} / \partial X_{2})}_{X_{1}} = {(\partial J_{2} / \partial X_{1})}_{X_{2}} .$
The theory was developed in 1931 by the Swedish physicist Lars Onsager (1903–76).

单词	Onsager relations
释义	Onsager relations Chemistry In a system that is not at equilibrium, various changes are occurring. For example, there may be a flow of energy from one part of the system to another and, at the same time, a flow of mass (diffusion). Flows of this type are coupled, i.e. each depends on the other. Equations exist of the type $\begin{array}{l} J_{1} = L_{11} X_{1} + L_{12} X_{2} \\ J_{2} = L_{21} X_{1} + L_{22} X_{2} \end{array}$ where J₁ is the flow of energy and J₂ the flow of matter. X₁ is the ‘force’ producing energy flow and X₂ that producing matter flow. L₁₁ is the coefficient for thermal conductance and L₂₂ the coefficient for diffusion. The coefficients L₁₂ and L₂₁ represent coupling of the flows with each other. Equations of this type can be generalized to any number of flows and are known as the phenomenological relations. In Onsager’s theory the coupling coefficients are equal, i.e. L₁₂ = L₂₁, etc. These are known as reciprocal relations. It follows that: ${(\partial J_{1} / \partial X_{2})}_{X_{1}} = {(\partial J_{2} / \partial X_{1})}_{X_{2}} .$ The theory was developed in 1931 by the Swedish physicist Lars Onsager (1903–76).
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