“cosmic radiation”的概念、定义、翻译、参考文献-科学参考

cosmic radiation

Physics

High-energy particles that fall on the earth from space. Primary cosmic rays consist of nuclei of the most abundant elements, with protons (hydrogen nuclei) forming by far the highest proportion; electrons, positrons, neutrinos, and gamma-ray photons are also present. The particle energies range from 10⁻¹¹ J to 10 J (10⁸ to 10²⁰ eV) and as they enter the earth’s atmosphere they collide with oxygen and nitrogen nuclei producing secondary cosmic rays. The secondary rays consist of elementary particles and gamma-ray photons. A single high-energy primary particle can produce a large shower of secondary particles. The sources of the primary radiation are not all known, particularly in the case of very high-energy rays, although the sun is believed to be the principal source of particles with energies up to about 10¹⁰ eV. It is believed that all particles with energies of less than 10¹⁸ eV originate within the Galaxy.

Space Exploration

The streams of high-energy particles and electromagnetic radiation from outer space, consisting of electrons, protons, alpha particles, light nuclei, and gamma rays, which collide with atomic nuclei in the Earth's atmosphere and produce secondary nuclear particles (chiefly mesons, such as pions and muons) that shower the Earth. Space shuttles carry dosimeter instruments to measure the levels of cosmic radiation.
Cosmic radiation of lower energy seems to be galactic in origin, while that of high energy is of extragalactic origin. The galactic particles may come from supernova explosions or pulsars. At higher energies, other sources must exist, possibly the giant jets of gas that are emitted from some galaxies.

Geology and Earth Sciences

Ionizing radiation from space, comprised principally of protons, alpha particles, and 1–2% heavier atomic nuclei, as well as some high-energy photons and electrons. On encountering the Earth’s atmosphere, secondary radiation is produced, mainly gamma rays, electrons, pions, and muons. Three sources are identified: (a) galactic cosmic rays, from outside the solar system, with energies in the range 1–10 GeV per nucleon; (b) solar cosmic rays, mainly associated with solar flares, with energies in the range 1–100 MeV per nucleon; and (c) solar wind, with energies of about 1000 eV per nucleon.

单词	cosmic radiation
释义	cosmic radiation Physics High-energy particles that fall on the earth from space. Primary cosmic rays consist of nuclei of the most abundant elements, with protons (hydrogen nuclei) forming by far the highest proportion; electrons, positrons, neutrinos, and gamma-ray photons are also present. The particle energies range from 10⁻¹¹ J to 10 J (10⁸ to 10²⁰ eV) and as they enter the earth’s atmosphere they collide with oxygen and nitrogen nuclei producing secondary cosmic rays. The secondary rays consist of elementary particles and gamma-ray photons. A single high-energy primary particle can produce a large shower of secondary particles. The sources of the primary radiation are not all known, particularly in the case of very high-energy rays, although the sun is believed to be the principal source of particles with energies up to about 10¹⁰ eV. It is believed that all particles with energies of less than 10¹⁸ eV originate within the Galaxy. Space Exploration The streams of high-energy particles and electromagnetic radiation from outer space, consisting of electrons, protons, alpha particles, light nuclei, and gamma rays, which collide with atomic nuclei in the Earth's atmosphere and produce secondary nuclear particles (chiefly mesons, such as pions and muons) that shower the Earth. Space shuttles carry dosimeter instruments to measure the levels of cosmic radiation. Cosmic radiation of lower energy seems to be galactic in origin, while that of high energy is of extragalactic origin. The galactic particles may come from supernova explosions or pulsars. At higher energies, other sources must exist, possibly the giant jets of gas that are emitted from some galaxies. Geology and Earth Sciences Ionizing radiation from space, comprised principally of protons, alpha particles, and 1–2% heavier atomic nuclei, as well as some high-energy photons and electrons. On encountering the Earth’s atmosphere, secondary radiation is produced, mainly gamma rays, electrons, pions, and muons. Three sources are identified: (a) galactic cosmic rays, from outside the solar system, with energies in the range 1–10 GeV per nucleon; (b) solar cosmic rays, mainly associated with solar flares, with energies in the range 1–100 MeV per nucleon; and (c) solar wind, with energies of about 1000 eV per nucleon.
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