“Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473–1543)”的概念、定义、翻译、参考文献-科学参考

Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473–1543)

Physics

who studied mathematics and optics. By 1514 he had formulated his proposal that the planets, including the earth, orbit the sun in circular paths, although it was not formally published until the year he died. This refutation of an earth-centred universe raised hostile opposition from the church as well as from other astronomers. See Copernican astronomy.

Astronomy

parentage (in Polish, Mikołaj Kopernigk). While a student he had come to believe that the Earth revolves around the Sun and not vice versa. Such a view was held to be heretical, the Church regarding the geocentric world view of Aristotle and Ptolemy as consistent with its doctrines. Copernicus set down his basic ideas around 1510 in the Commentariolus, which was circulated anonymously. In 1512–29 he made the observations that he needed to support his theory, while carrying out ecclesiastic and local administrative duties. In 1539 the Austrian astronomer and mathematician Georg Joachim von Lauchen (1514–74), known as Rheticus, became a pupil of Copernicus and began to spread his ideas. The Copernican system was published openly in 1543 in the book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium. However, the reality of a heliocentric Solar System came to be accepted only after the work of Galileo and J. Kepler.

Philosophy

The first developed heliocentric theory of the universe in the modern era was presented in De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium, published in the year of Copernicus’s death. The system is entirely mathematical, in the sense of predicting the observed position of celestial bodies on the basis of an underlying geometry, without exploring the mechanics of celestial motion. Its mathematical and scientific superiority over the Ptolemaic system was not as direct as popular history suggests: Copernicus’s system adhered to circular planetary motion, and let the planets run on 48 epicycles and eccentrics. It was not until the work of Kepler and Galileo that the system became markedly simpler than Ptolemaic astronomy.

单词	Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473–1543)
释义	Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473–1543) Physics who studied mathematics and optics. By 1514 he had formulated his proposal that the planets, including the earth, orbit the sun in circular paths, although it was not formally published until the year he died. This refutation of an earth-centred universe raised hostile opposition from the church as well as from other astronomers. See Copernican astronomy. Astronomy parentage (in Polish, Mikołaj Kopernigk). While a student he had come to believe that the Earth revolves around the Sun and not vice versa. Such a view was held to be heretical, the Church regarding the geocentric world view of Aristotle and Ptolemy as consistent with its doctrines. Copernicus set down his basic ideas around 1510 in the Commentariolus, which was circulated anonymously. In 1512–29 he made the observations that he needed to support his theory, while carrying out ecclesiastic and local administrative duties. In 1539 the Austrian astronomer and mathematician Georg Joachim von Lauchen (1514–74), known as Rheticus, became a pupil of Copernicus and began to spread his ideas. The Copernican system was published openly in 1543 in the book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium. However, the reality of a heliocentric Solar System came to be accepted only after the work of Galileo and J. Kepler. Philosophy The first developed heliocentric theory of the universe in the modern era was presented in De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium, published in the year of Copernicus’s death. The system is entirely mathematical, in the sense of predicting the observed position of celestial bodies on the basis of an underlying geometry, without exploring the mechanics of celestial motion. Its mathematical and scientific superiority over the Ptolemaic system was not as direct as popular history suggests: Copernicus’s system adhered to circular planetary motion, and let the planets run on 48 epicycles and eccentrics. It was not until the work of Kepler and Galileo that the system became markedly simpler than Ptolemaic astronomy.
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