1. The final age in the Oligocene epoch, preceded by the Rupelian (Stampian), followed by the Aquitanian, and dated at 28.4–23.03 Ma ago (Int. Commission on Stratigraphy, 2004).

2. The name of the corresponding European stage, which is roughly contemporaneous with the upper Zemorrian (N. America), upper Whaingaroan, Duntroonian, and Waitakian (New Zealand), and most of the Janjukian (Australia). It is dated by means of sea-floor spreading rates, small mammals, and plankton.