“chaos”的概念、定义、翻译、参考文献-科学参考

chaos

Physics

Unpredictable and seemingly random behaviour occurring in a system that should be governed by deterministic laws. In such systems, the equations that describe the way the system changes with time are nonlinear and involve several variables. Consequently, they are very sensitive to the initial conditions, and a very small initial difference may make an enormous change to the future state of the system. Originally, the theory was introduced to describe unpredictability in meteorology, as exemplified by the butterfly effect. It has been suggested that the dynamical equations governing the weather are so sensitive to the initial data that whether or not a butterfly flaps its wings in one part of the world may make the difference between a tornado occurring or not occurring in some other part of the world. Chaos theory has subsequently been extended to other branches of science; for example to turbulent flow, planetary dynamics, and electrical oscillations in physics, and to combustion processes and oscillating reactions in chemistry. See also attractor; fractal.

Mathematics

A situation in which a fully deterministic dynamical system can appear to be random and unpredictable due to the sensitive dependence of the process on its starting values and the wide range of qualitatively different behaviours available to the process. This sensitive dependence is often called the butterfly effect. See logistic map, Lorenz attractor.

Astronomy

A distinctive area of broken terrain on a planetary surface; pl. chaoses. The name is not a geological term but is used in the nomenclature of individual features, for example Iani Chaos on Mars.

Chemistry

Unpredictable and apparently random behaviour arising in a system that is governed by deterministic laws (i.e. laws that, given the state of the system at a given time, uniquely determine the state at any other time). Chaotic dynamics are widespread in nature: examples are the turbulent flow of fluids, the dynamics of planetary moons, oscillations in electrical circuits, and the long-term unpredictability of the weather. In such situations, chaos arises because the mathematical equations expressing the (deterministic) laws in question are nonlinear and extremely sensitive to the initial conditions. It is impossible to specify data at a given time to a sufficient degree of precision to be able to predict the future behaviour of the system because two pieces of initial data differing by even a very small amount will give widely different results at a later time. Originally, the theory was introduced to describe unpredictability in meteorology, as exemplified by the butterfly effect. It has been suggested that the dynamical equations governing the weather are so sensitive to the initial data that whether or not a butterfly flaps its wings in one part of the world may make the difference between a tornado occurring or not occurring in some other part of the world. In chemistry, chaos theory has been used to explain oscillatory (clock) reactions, such as the B–Z reaction, and chaotic reactions.

Computer

The phenomena of apparently random behaviour generated by simple deterministic systems. An essential hallmark of chaos in nonlinear systems is the extreme sensitivity of the system to initial conditions.

Geology and Earth Sciences

1. A state of disorder which is governed by simple and precise laws, but where the outcome is unpredictable and may change greatly with slight variations in starting conditions. Most real systems, such as weather patterns and satellite orbits, display chaotic behaviour. See also fractal.
2. An area of jumbled or broken terrain on the surface of an extraterrestrial body.

Philosophy

1. Historically, the contrast is between chaos, or the unordered, unformed, undifferentiated beginnings of things, and the cosmos, which is the ordered universe (see also logos). The concept is thus implicit in early Greek cosmogony.
2. In modern science, chaotic systems are ones in which an arbitrarily small difference in the initial conditions can produce arbitrarily large differences in later states. The common example is that the atmosphere may be such that the flapping of a butterfly at a point and a time may determine whether or not there occurs a hurricane at a different point some time later. The possibility of such systems forces a distinction between thinking of a system as deterministic and thinking of it as completely predictable in principle. Chaotic systems can be deterministic, but are not predictable, for however accurate a measurement of the state at a time, a variation smaller than any it can detect may be responsible for a difference in the eventual outcome.

单词	chaos
释义	chaos Physics Unpredictable and seemingly random behaviour occurring in a system that should be governed by deterministic laws. In such systems, the equations that describe the way the system changes with time are nonlinear and involve several variables. Consequently, they are very sensitive to the initial conditions, and a very small initial difference may make an enormous change to the future state of the system. Originally, the theory was introduced to describe unpredictability in meteorology, as exemplified by the butterfly effect. It has been suggested that the dynamical equations governing the weather are so sensitive to the initial data that whether or not a butterfly flaps its wings in one part of the world may make the difference between a tornado occurring or not occurring in some other part of the world. Chaos theory has subsequently been extended to other branches of science; for example to turbulent flow, planetary dynamics, and electrical oscillations in physics, and to combustion processes and oscillating reactions in chemistry. See also attractor; fractal. Mathematics A situation in which a fully deterministic dynamical system can appear to be random and unpredictable due to the sensitive dependence of the process on its starting values and the wide range of qualitatively different behaviours available to the process. This sensitive dependence is often called the butterfly effect. See logistic map, Lorenz attractor. Astronomy A distinctive area of broken terrain on a planetary surface; pl. chaoses. The name is not a geological term but is used in the nomenclature of individual features, for example Iani Chaos on Mars. Chemistry Unpredictable and apparently random behaviour arising in a system that is governed by deterministic laws (i.e. laws that, given the state of the system at a given time, uniquely determine the state at any other time). Chaotic dynamics are widespread in nature: examples are the turbulent flow of fluids, the dynamics of planetary moons, oscillations in electrical circuits, and the long-term unpredictability of the weather. In such situations, chaos arises because the mathematical equations expressing the (deterministic) laws in question are nonlinear and extremely sensitive to the initial conditions. It is impossible to specify data at a given time to a sufficient degree of precision to be able to predict the future behaviour of the system because two pieces of initial data differing by even a very small amount will give widely different results at a later time. Originally, the theory was introduced to describe unpredictability in meteorology, as exemplified by the butterfly effect. It has been suggested that the dynamical equations governing the weather are so sensitive to the initial data that whether or not a butterfly flaps its wings in one part of the world may make the difference between a tornado occurring or not occurring in some other part of the world. In chemistry, chaos theory has been used to explain oscillatory (clock) reactions, such as the B–Z reaction, and chaotic reactions. Computer The phenomena of apparently random behaviour generated by simple deterministic systems. An essential hallmark of chaos in nonlinear systems is the extreme sensitivity of the system to initial conditions. Geology and Earth Sciences 1. A state of disorder which is governed by simple and precise laws, but where the outcome is unpredictable and may change greatly with slight variations in starting conditions. Most real systems, such as weather patterns and satellite orbits, display chaotic behaviour. See also fractal. 2. An area of jumbled or broken terrain on the surface of an extraterrestrial body. Philosophy 1. Historically, the contrast is between chaos, or the unordered, unformed, undifferentiated beginnings of things, and the cosmos, which is the ordered universe (see also logos). The concept is thus implicit in early Greek cosmogony. 2. In modern science, chaotic systems are ones in which an arbitrarily small difference in the initial conditions can produce arbitrarily large differences in later states. The common example is that the atmosphere may be such that the flapping of a butterfly at a point and a time may determine whether or not there occurs a hurricane at a different point some time later. The possibility of such systems forces a distinction between thinking of a system as deterministic and thinking of it as completely predictable in principle. Chaotic systems can be deterministic, but are not predictable, for however accurate a measurement of the state at a time, a variation smaller than any it can detect may be responsible for a difference in the eventual outcome.
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